Page numbers in italics denote figures or photographs.
AARP (American Association of Retired Persons), 211, 278, 349, 380
ABC (American Broadcasting Corp.), 208, 211, 218, 224n61
Access Board: accessibility guidelines, 365–69; relay services, 77–78, 85, 87–88, 88n3; universal design, 357, 359
Accessible Media Industry Coalition, 196
Access to Emergency Services Forum, 175, 199n17
ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union), 252, 254, 256
ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act): about, 71, 75n49; captioning and, 228, 242n21; emergency TTY services, 173–75, 178; “readily achievable” standard, 372, 378; relay mandates, 117–18, 123; relay services, 70–72, 90–112; telecommunications impact, 301, 309, 366; TTY access, 112–13; “undue burden” standard, 350–51, 358
advertising: captioning and, 211, 217, 219, 259; political, 246, 259; relay services information, 136
advertising agencies, 257
AFB (American Foundation for the Blind), 350, 373
AG Bell Association, 10, 15, 67, 82, 185, 305, 323
AIS (Accessibility Impact Statement), 367–69
ALI (automatic location identification), 385–86
American Health Care Association, 306, 311
Americans with Disabilities Act. See ADA
ANI (automatic number identification), 385–86
Annenberg Washington Program, 346
ANSI standards, 328–32, 334, 336
Antitrust Reform Act, 353, 355
APA (Administrative Procedure Act), 305
APCO (Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials), 179–80, 181
APCOM (Applied Communications Corporation), 8, 12
Architectural Barriers Act, 3, 77, 88n3
Arizona, 181
ASCII technology, 7, 24, 27, 43, 178
Association of Late-Deafened Adults, 374
AT&T: divestiture impact, 32–33, 35–48; hearing aid compatibility, 275–79, 285, 288, 295, 317n39; interstate call funding, 123, 131; N11 codes, 147–48, 155, 162, 164; relay services, 63–64, 69, 94–95, 105–7, 114n22; TTY access, 18–21, 24–27; TTY donations, 9–11, 13
ATIS (Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions), 337
Audiovox, 381
Banzhaf, John, 29n35
Battat, Brenda, 172, 307, 323, 324, 329–30, 373, 390, 403
Baudot technology: about, 7; advantages, 43; drawbacks, 13, 23–24, 43; emergency access and, 178; legislation, 27; wireless accessibility and, 388
Bell, Alexander Graham, 7
Bell Telephone Co.: Baby Bells restrictions, 345–59; disability community and, 361n20; hearing aid compatibility, 306; N11 codes, 148, 150, 152, 155, 157, 162–64, 167, 168n19, 171n81; relay mandates, 123; relay services, 69, 99–100, 114n22
Bennett, Peter, 280–81, 290n33, 295–96
Berger, Steve, 332
Bloom, Edgar, 72
Blue Book, 11
Bluetooth technology, 342n60
Boatner, Edmund, 205
Bogdan, Madeline, 154
Boucher, Rick, 353
Bowe, Frank, 174, 220, 221, 229, 231, 250
Brand, Jackie, 331
Bravin, Phillip, 66, 218, 219, 249
Breden, Roberta, 366
Breunig, H. Latham, 10, 12, 72
Brick, Kelby, 267
Brick, Lawrence, 135
broadcasting industry: captioning accessibility, 209–21, 234, 248–51, 259; emergency programming, 183–88, 190–97
Brock, Gerald, 297
Brody, I. Lee, 11, 11–12, 12, 57, 72, 119
Buckley, Gerald, 113
Bush (Jr.) administration, 268
Bush (Sr.) administration, 101, 266–67
cable industry: captioning accessibility, 246–48, 249–51, 257, 259, 261–62; emergency programming, 190–94, 196–97
CAD (Canadian Association of the Deaf), 151
California, 26–27, 59–60, 69, 102, 165–66, 327–28
California Wireless Access Task Force, 331–32
Canada, 148, 150–51, 153–54, 167, 288, 299
CAN (Consumer Action Network), 126–27, 134, 191, 260, 387–90. See also DHHCAN
The Caption Center, 207, 210, 237
Captioned Films for the Deaf, 205–6
captioned telephone relay service, 138–39, 144n77
captioning: decoder circuitry efforts, 228–41, 242n21; emergency services, 193–94; FCC involvement, 209, 211, 214–16, 236–38, 250, 251–54, 257–63, 269; funding issues, 248, 259, 266–68; legislation, 228–41, 242n21, 246–57; PCTVs and, 239–41; voluntary use of, 205–25, 222n6, 223n41, 226–27. See also decoders
Carney, Edward, 184
CARS (Computer Assisted Relay System), 119
Carter, Jimmy, 24
Castle, Bill, 64
CBS Corp., 209–12, 218, 224n65
CCD (Consortium of Citizens with Disabilities): decoder circuitry legislation, 231; relay services, 90, 105–6; task force on universal design, 348, 350–53, 355–60
CDMA technology, 323, 335, 392, 395
cellular telephones. See wireless telephones
CFA (Consumer Federation of America), 349–50
Chatoff, Michael, 179
Chong, Rebecca, 260
Clinton administration, 262, 264, 353
COED (Commission on Education of the Deaf), 220–21
coin sent-paid calls, 124–27, 128
Communications Act, 21–22, 212, 214, 331
Computer II ruling, 33–36, 38, 41, 290n39
confidentiality protections, 120–21, 136, 141n16
Congress. See House of Representatives; Senate, U.S.
Connarn, John, 350
Connecticut, 58
Converse Communications, 58, 73n5
Cooke, Fred, 168n19
Copps, Michael, 167
cordless phones, 288, 298, 339
COSD (Council of Organizations Serving the Deaf), 183
Cox Enterprises, Inc., 147–48, 150, 152, 154–55, 157, 159, 161
CPB (Corporation for Public Broadcasting), 216
Crawford, Rosaline, 136
credit card-operated phones. See payphones
CRTC (Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Division), 151, 154
CSCN (Canadian Steering Committee on Numbering), 148, 151
CSD (Communication Service for the Deaf), 59, 135, 404
CTIA (Cellular Telecommunications and Internet Association): universal design, 369, 373; wireless accessibility, 324, 326, 337, 343n72; wireless TTY access, 388, 389, 391–95
CWA (Communications Workers of America), 285, 287
Dart, Justin, 71
Daschle, Tom, 326
DEAF CONTACT, 57
Deaf President Now movement, 65–67, 67, 72, 81–82, 94
Decker, Sue, 26
Declaration of Conformity, 367–68
Decoder Circuitry Act, 228–41, 242n21
decoders: cost, 216, 227–28, 241n6; development, 208, 210; early models, 211, 219; sales, 216–17, 218, 219–20; standards, 241–42n13
Democratic party, 355
Department of Education: captioning funding, 218, 248, 259, 266–68; decoder subsidies, 219, 228; voluntary captioning, 215–16, 217
DHHCAN (Deaf and Hard of Hearing Consumer Advisory Network), 126. See also CAN
DHS (Department of Homeland Security), 198
Dingell, John, 104, 106, 236, 353
Disability Access Policy Forum, 355
Disability Rights Office, 261, 381
District of Columbia, 163, 172, 181
DOJ (Department of Justice), 175–80, 215–16, 357, 371
Dole, Robert, 255–56, 288–89, 356
Dorgan, Kim, 249
DPN movement. See Deaf President Now movement
DREDF (Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund), 358
DTV (digital television), 262, 264–67, 272n58
DuBow, Sy: captioning accessibility, 248–49; decoder circuitry legislation, 230–31, 232; photograph of, 40, 113; relay services, 64
Dubroof, Linda, 190, 260, 307, 386
Dunne, Toni, 177, 180, 181, 389, 390
Earley, Sharon, 208
EASE (Emergency Access Self Evaluation) kits, 179–80, 180, 181, 194
EAS (Emergency Alert System), 187–91
EBS (Emergency Broadcast System), 186–88
EEAC (Equal Employment Advisory Council), 307, 308, 311
EEG Enterprises, 231–32, 242n15
EIA (Electronic Industries Alliance), 264
EIA (Electronic Industries Association): captioning accessibility, 231–33, 235, 237–38, 239; hearing aid compatibility, 279, 280–81, 285–86, 295–96
EITAAC (Electronic and Information Technology Access Advisory Committee), 87
electronics industry, 229–32, 237. See also EIA
emergency access: Baudot vs. ASCII, 43, 178; N11 codes, 160–61, 176; 911 TTY services, 37, 112, 172–82; televised emergency programming, 182–97; timeline overview, 166; wireless TTY access, 385–400
employment access, 297, 313, 329
ENCT (electronic newsroom captioning technique), 260
Engelke, Rob, 137–38, 139, 144n77
equipment distribution programs, 9–11, 13, 26–27, 50–51
Etymotic Research, 328
Evans, Larry, 113
FCC (Federal Communications Commission): ascertainment obligations, 212–14, 223n39; captioning accessibility, 250, 251–54, 257–63; captioning mandate, 236–38, 269; captioning (voluntary), 209, 211, 214–16; Computer II ruling, 33–36, 38, 41, 290n39; decoder circuitry legislation, 228–29; DTV standards, 265–67, 272n58; emergency TTY services, 181–82; hearing aid compatibility, 277, 281–87, 296–97, 299–315, 317n39; N11 codes, 147–49, 151, 154, 156–57, 160–65, 167; PCTVs and, 239–41; public forums by, 47–48, 62, 101; regulatory process, 408–9; regulatory rulings, 41, 43, 45, 49; relay mandates, 117–40; relay services, 61–63, 64–65, 67–69, 90–91, 98–99, 100–1, 107–8, 114n22; SCPE regulation, 36–37, 41–42, 53n38; Section 255 enforcement, 369–82; televised emergency programming, 182–97, 201n39; TTY access, 15–16, 21–23, 25, 36; wireless telephones, 306, 322–24, 326–39, 343n72; wireless TTY access, 385–98
FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Authority), 187
First Amendment protections, 223n41, 251–53, 256
First National Conference of Agents of Teletypewriters for the Deaf (1971), 13
511 relay access, 148–49, 150, 151–52, 153, 157
Food Marketing Institute, 309–10, 311
Furchgott-Roth, Harold, 374–75
Gallaudet Research Institute (GRI), 48–49, 62, 346
Gallaudet University: Deaf President Now movement, 65–67, 67, 72, 81–82, 94; Deaf Way festival, 86, 97–98; relay task force, 91–92; Speech to Text conference, 72–73, 121; televised emergency programming, 191; wireless accessibility, 328, 339; wireless TTY access, 389–90
GA-SK newsletter, 10
Geer, Sarah, 40
GLAD (Greater Los Angeles Council on Deafness, Inc.), 212, 214, 216
Goldberg, Glenn, 16
Goldberg, Larry J., 14–15, 40, 185–86
Goldfarb, Mark, 248–49, 254, 354–55
Golding, Susan, 327
Goodstein, Harvey, 157, 188, 248–49, 353, 370
Gordon, Joe, 307
Gore Commission, 262, 264, 272n58
Gottfried, Sue, 212–13, 214–16
Greene, Harold, 32, 38–39, 41, 99–100
GSA (General Services Administration), 84–87, 307
GSM technology, 322–24, 326–28, 335, 343n74
GTE Telephone Company: hearing aid compatibility, 276, 285, 288, 295, 302, 317n39; N11 codes, 148, 151–52, 155, 167; relay services, 129–30
Hall, Ed, 395
Harkin, Tom: decoder circuitry legislation, 229–30, 233–34, 238–39; photograph of, 221; relay services, 63, 66, 93, 95, 100
Harkins, Judith, 47, 72, 187, 328, 330, 346, 390
Hatfield, Dale, 393
HATIS (Hearing Aid Telephone Interconnect System), 325
Hayter, Mary, 82
HCO (hearing carryover) relay, 120, 395
health care facilities, 303–4, 306, 309
Hearing Aid Compatibility Act, 293–301
hearing aid compatibility (HAC): “essential telephone” mandate, 283–84, 287–89, 293–94, 300–1; external devices for, 276–77, 299, 325, 329–30; FCC involvement, 277, 281–87, 296–97, 299–315, 317n39; labeling requirements, 276, 283–87, 308, 317n39, 336; legislation, 278–83, 287–89, 293–99; retrofitting/replacement issues, 300–12; SCPE scope and, 53n38; standards for, 301–2, 328–32, 334, 336; telephone design and, 34, 274–78, 301–2; timeline overview, 314; volume controls, 294, 307–8, 312–13, 315, 319n90, 320n91; wireless technology, 306, 321–39
Hearing Aid Compatibility Summit, 326–28
hearing aid manufacturers: wireless telephones and, 325, 328–29, 332, 334, 337, 342n63; wireline telephones and, 275, 279. See also HIA
Heppner, Cheryl, 145, 197, 268
HEW (Department of Health, Education, and Welfare), 206–8, 214–15
HIA (Hearing Industries Association), 281, 306
Hlibok, Gregory, 66
Hollings, Ernest, 326
Holmes, Pam, 139, 359, 370, 374–75, 375, 376, 394
home shopping channels, 257–58
hotel industry, 287, 294, 306, 308, 311, 313
House, James, 390
House of Representatives: captioning accessibility, 248–53, 255–57; decoder circuitry legislation, 232–34, 236; emergency TTY services, 178; hearing aid compatibility, 278–80, 282–83, 287–89, 294–96, 297–99, 309–11; political shift in, 355–56; regulatory protection efforts, 34–37, 40–41, 44, 46, 49, 51; relay services, 63–66, 80–85, 92–93, 97, 99–104, 104–12; TTY access, 17, 23, 80; TTY rate reductions, 17, 22; universal design, 349–50, 352, 356, 358–60, 370; Weiner’s rally/TTY-a-thon and, 81–83
Hoyer, Steny, 105, 110–11, 178
Hughes, Patty, 135
Hummel, Jennifer, 86
Hundt, Reed: captioning accessibility, 257; captioning mandate timeline, 260; emergency TTY services, 189–90; hearing aid compatibility, 309, 310; photograph of, 307; wireless accessibility, 321, 326, 327–29, 341n33
Hutchins, Jeff, 217, 241–42n13, 248
ICCF (Industry Carrier Compatibility Forum), 154, 158, 160
ICC (Interagency Coordinating Council), 77, 88n4
IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act), 258–59
iDEN, 335
information service providers, 147–48, 150, 152–53, 155–57, 158–59, 161
Inouye, Daniel: captioning accessibility, 235; decoder circuitry legislation, 230, 234; hearing aid compatibility, 297, 326; relay services, 63, 79–80; universal design, 354
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 12–13
Internet-based innovations, 404–5
Internet relay services, 136–37, 177, 401
IPR (Institute for Public Representation), 68, 254
IVR (Interactive Voice Response) systems, 109–11, 371, 373–74, 376, 380
JABRA technology, 325
The Jerry Springer Show, 266–68, 273n74
Johnson, Lyndon, 28n1
Joint Forum on Marketplace Problems in Communications Technology, 346, 360n2
Jones, Christopher, 60
Jordan, I. King: photograph of, 113, 234, 258; presidency, 66; relay services, 79, 94, 106, 115n34; TTY use, 114n7; on TV as visual medium, 205
Kaplan, Deborah, 346
KCET station, 213, 214–15, 216
Kennard, William: about, 261; commencement address, 405; DTV standards, 266; emergency TTY services, 194–95; photograph of, 375, 376; Section 255 and, 365, 373–76, 380; 711 relay access, 163–64, 167; wireless TTY access, 393–94
Kerry, John, 297
Killion, Mead C., 328
Kimmelman, Gene, 350
Kisor, Henry, 56
Klug, Scott, 359
Kozma-Spytek, Linda, 330
Laird, Pat, 82
Lang, Harry, 28n2
Lantor, Todd, 395
legislation: captioning accessibility, 246–57; decoder circuitry, 228–41, 242n21; emergency TTY services, 173–75; hearing aid compatibility, 278–83, 287–89, 293–99; regulatory protections, 34–35, 38–39, 41–42, 52n8, 52n16; relay services, 63–66, 70–73, 77–89, 90–112, 115n34; roadmap for change, 407–8; tax deductions, 12–13; televised emergency programming, 194–97; TTY access, 14, 17, 21–22, 31n78, 112–13; universal design, 346–60. See also specific acts
Levitt, Harry, 328
Library of Congress, 205–6, 221n3
Lieberman, Joseph, 266–67, 273n74
Markey, Edward: captioning accessibility, 232, 247, 248–49, 252; hearing aid compatibility, 295; relay services, 83, 104–5; universal design, 345, 350, 352, 353
Mathias, Charles, 39, 41, 280, 282, 289, 315
Matsui, Robert, 279
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd., 333
McCain, John: decoder circuitry legislation, 230, 233–34; hearing aid compatibility, 297; photograph of, 113; relay services, 78–80, 83, 84–85, 90, 100–1, 103
MCI WorldCom, 129–30, 136–37, 148, 168n36
Mentowski, Sheila Conlon, 40, 47–48, 62, 64
Meyers, Andrew, 152
Missouri, 50
Moffett, Toby, 22
motion picture industry, 250, 251–53
Motorola Inc., 281, 335, 372–73
music industry, 258
N11 codes, 146–67, 168n19, 168n36, 171n81, 176
NAD (National Association of the Deaf): AT&T divestiture, 44–45; captioning, 218, 260, 267; emergency TTY services, 180; hearing aid compatibility, 285, 287, 305; relay mandates, 127, 136; relay services, 63, 67, 74n33, 106; televised emergency programming, 185, 191–93; universal design, 349, 370, 373–74, 382n9; wireless TTY access, 387–90, 396–97
NANC (North American Numbering Council), 404
NANPA (North American Numbering Plan), 147, 149–50, 154–56, 159–60
NARUC (National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners), 62–65, 67, 163, 346
NASNA (National Association of State Nine One One Administration), 386
NASRA (National Association for State Relay Administration), 141n13
NATA (North American Telephone Association), 279–80, 306
National Communications Competition and Information Infrastructure Act, 353–55
National Emergency Access Conference, 177–78
National Newspaper Association, 158
National Telecoil Awareness Project, 311
NBC (National Broadcasting Corp.), 211, 218
NCD (National Council on Disability), 71, 75n51
NCI (National Captioning Institute): decoder circuitry legislation, 237; decoders, 216–17, 241–42n13, 241n6; voluntary captioning, 210–11, 219–20
NCLD (National Center for Law and the Deaf): on ADA, 71; AT&T divestiture, 41, 43; decoder circuitry legislation, 230–31, 232; founding of, 14–16; hearing aid compatibility, 277, 305; N11 codes, 147–49, 154, 156, 159, 160, 167; relay mandates, 130; relay services, 62–65, 67–68, 113n1; televised emergency programming, 186; TTY access, 21–23, 36; TTY rate reduction efforts, 16–17, 26; wireless accessibility, 339n3
NCTA(National Cable Television Association), 250
NECA (National Exchange Carriers Association), 123–24
Nelson, David, 83
NENA (National Emergency Number Association), 160–61, 178, 180, 181, 386
New York City, 179
New York state, 59–60, 161, 176
Nokia Corp., 378
Nolan, Kevin, 113
Nordheimer, Jenifer, 163
Norton, Heidi, 127
NTID (National Technical Institute for the Deaf), 64, 81
nursing home facilities, 303–4, 306
NVRSC (National Video Relay Services Coalition), 135
NYLHH (New York League for the Hard of Hearing), 307
NYNEX, 68–69, 114n19, 114n22, 368
N.Y. Public Service Commission (PSC), 103
O’Connor, Clarence, 205
O’Day, Bonnie, 381
OMB (Office of Management and Budget), 368
Omnipoint, 387
OnStar Corp., 381
OSD (Operator Services for the Deaf), 25, 30n70
OUT (Organization for the Use of the Telephone): hearing aid compatibility, 34, 275–82, 285, 298; regulatory protection efforts, 35–36, 46; SCPE scope, 41
Owens, Major, 72
Pacific Bell Mobile Services, 327–28, 331, 341n30
paging systems, 198, 397, 398, 401
payphones: accessibility issues, 36–37, 42–43; hearing aid compatibility, 276, 278, 281–82, 284, 296, 301, 302, 317n39; relay mandates, 124–27, 128, 142–43n42
PBS (Public Broadcasting System), 207–11, 218, 243n35
PCEPD (Presidential Committee on Employment of People with Disabilities), 348
PCIA (Personal Communications Industry Association), 373–74, 386–87, 389, 391–92, 394–95
PCS Group, 327
Peck, Robert, 252, 254, 270n18
Percy, Charles, 186
Phone-TTY organization, 12
Pimental, Al, 39
portable telephone adapters, 276–77, 299
public phones. See payphones
Purtell, William, 205
Radio-Television News Directors Association, 193
Randolph, Jennings, 209
Ransom, Pam, 119, 127, 146–51, 153, 157, 310, 352, 360
Rarus, Tim, 113
Rehabilitation Act: ADA compared, 71; emergency TTY access and, 174; N11 codes, 160; TTY access, 14, 17, 29n30; “undue burden” standard, 350–51; voluntary captioning and, 214–15
relay mandates: certification of state programs, 127–31, 143n46, 143n49; confidentiality protections, 120–21, 136, 141n16; consumer input, 117–20; FCC involvement, 117–40; interstate call funding, 122–24; nomenclature, 121–22; payphones, 124–27, 128, 142–43n42; technological advancements, 131–40, 143n63. See also relay services
relay services: audiotext services, 109–11; Congress efforts, 63–66, 79–85, 92–97, 99–112, 115n34; DPN movement and, 66–67; early use of, 56–58, 58, 73n4; FCC involvement, 61–65, 67–69, 90–91, 98–99, 100–1, 107–8, 114n22; federal relay system, 77–89; funding issues, 69–70, 95–97, 99–100, 102–3, 105–6, 108, 122–24; legislation, 63–66, 70–73, 77–89, 90–112, 115n34; N11 codes, 146–67, 168n19, 171n81, 176; nationwide interstate system, 90–112; state relay programs, 58–61, 73n5. See also relay mandates
Reno, Janet, 380
Republican party, 355
Rinaldo, Matthew, 83
Robinson, Freeman, 295
Roy, Kathy, 357
Saks, David: death of, 310; hearing aid compatibility, 275–76, 278–81, 287–89, 294, 298, 315n25; Paul Bennett and, 296; photograph of, 286; regulatory protection efforts, 46; THIC forum, 19–20
Schaeffer, Esther, 57
Schmidt, Edna, 281
Schmidt, Peggy, 152
Schroeder, Paul, 249, 350, 352–55, 360, 366, 373
Schulman, Melissa, 105
SCPE (specialized customer premises equipment): centralization of services, 35–36, 38, 40–41, 44–45; FCC scope definition, 41–42, 53n38; regulatory protection efforts, 33–51, 52n8, 52n16. See also TTYs
Segalman, Bob, 134
Senate, U.S.: captioning, 209, 253–57; decoder circuitry legislation, 230, 233–35; emergency TTY services, 174; hearing aid compatibility, 280–82, 287–89, 297–99; relay services, 79–80, 84–85, 93–95, 96–97, 103–6, 108, 115n34; universal design, 354–55, 356–60
Shapiro, Phyllis, 121
Shawhan, Sam, 295
SHHH (Self Help for Hard of Hearing People): captioned telephone service, 139; captioning accessibility, 260; hearing aid compatibility, 295, 305, 307, 311; relay services, 67, 127; universal design, 373; wireless accessibility, 323, 327–28, 331, 337; wireless TTY access, 390
Shufeldt, Jay, 172
Siegel, Paul, 256
Silverstein, Bobby, 63, 64–65, 93
Simon, Paul, 230
Singleton, Paul, 63, 78, 83, 135, 172
Slattery, Jim, 349
Slaughter, Louise, 81
Smith, Jess, 10
Social Security Administration, 136
Sonnenstrahl, Al: captioning accessibility, 256; emergency TTY services, 174, 176–77, 179; family death of, 145; N11 codes, 157; photograph of, 11, 95, 113, 153, 403; relay services, 67, 78, 79, 85, 97, 108, 135; televised emergency programming, 189, 191; wireless TTY access, 385–86, 390
Sorkin, Donna, 323, 324, 329–30
South Dakota, 59
Speech to Text conference, 72–73, 121
Sprint Nextel, 342n61
Starkey Laboratories, 332, 342n63
Steel, Jim, 119
Stone, Howard “Rocky”, 227–28, 295
Stout, Claude, 375, 375, 376, 390, 403
Strauss, Karen Peltz: captioning accessibility, 247–50, 262; emergency TTY services, 174; hearing aid compatibility, 308; at IPR, 68; at NCLD, 15; photograph of, 113, 153, 403; relay mandates, 119, 127, 130, 135; relay services, 63, 64, 97, 100, 106, 109; 711 relay access, 145–52, 157, 163–64; televised emergency programming, 194; universal design, 350, 360, 373; universal service funding, 51; wireless accessibility, 331; wireless TTY access, 390
STS (speech-to-speech) service, 134
Supreme Court, U.S., 214
Sweden, 62
Sweeney, Mary-Jean, 40
TAAC (Telecommunications Access Advisory Committee), 365–69, 368
TAEA (Telecommunications Accessibility Enhancement Act), 77–85, 85–88, 90
TAN (Telecommunications Advocacy Network), 374, 394
Tauzin, Billy, 349
Taylor, Paul: federal relay system, 78, 81; photograph of, 11, 113; relay services, 57, 59–60, 63, 64, 67, 72–73, 94, 119; on self-determination, 4; TTY access, 8
TCA (Tele-Communications Association), 304
TDA (Telecommunications Act for the Disabled) (1982): about, 34–35, 402; battle for, 278–83; FCC implementation, 36–37, 98; hearing aid compatibility, 283–87, 293–94, 300–1; regulatory support, 34–35, 38–39, 41–42, 52n8, 52n16
TDI (Telecommunications for the Deaf, Inc.): captioning quality, 269; emergency TTY services, 173–75, 177–80; hearing aid compatibility, 305; history, 10–11; N11 codes, 149, 156, 159; relay mandates, 118, 127; relay services, 63, 67; universal design, 372, 374; wireless TTY access, 385–86, 389–90
TDMA technology, 328, 335, 343n73, 392, 395
TEDI (Telecommunications Exchange for the Deaf, Inc.), 57–58
Telecommunications Act (1994), 354–55
Telecommunications Act (1996), 257, 360, 365–82, 402
Telecommunications Act for the Disabled. See TDA
Telecommunications Competition and Deregulation Act, 356
telecommunications industry: coin sentpaid calls, 124–27, 128; deregulation of, 33–51; hearing aid compatibility, 275–81, 282, 285–88, 300–9, 317n39; N11 codes, 147–48, 150, 152, 154, 158–59, 162–64, 168n36; relay mandates, 119, 123, 143n49; relay services, 69, 94–97, 98, 99–100, 103–4, 105–7, 114n22; TAAC input, 365–69; TTY access, 18–21, 24–27; universal design, 346–60, 361n20, 369–82; wireless telephones, 324–37, 339, 342n61, 343n73
Telecommunications Infrastructure Act, 354, 362n33
Teletext (CBS system), 209–12, 211–12, 218
televised emergency programming, 182–97, 201n39
television industry: analog to digital transition, 262, 264–66; captioning accessibility, 250, 251–53, 257, 260; emergency programming, 183, 186, 190–94, 196–97; voluntary captioning, 207–19, 221, 223n41. See also electronics industry
Tennessee, 156, 169n42, 169n43
Texas Advisory Commission on State Emergency Communications, 387
TFA (Telephone for All), 157, 249
THIC (Telecommunications for the Hearing Impaired Consumer) forum, 19–20, 49
TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association), 318n69, 333–34, 369, 372–73, 387
TND (Telecommunications Network for the Deaf), 119
TOBI system, 188
TOPS (Traffic Operator Position System), 124
Travers, Mitch, 374
Tristani, Gloria, 374
TSP (Telecommunications Service Priority) System, 182, 201n39
TTYs (teletypewriters): accessibility issues/solutions, 14, 17, 21–28, 31n78, 79–81, 84, 112–13; early use of, 7–12; emergency access, 37, 112, 172–82; expense disparities, 13–15, 27; FCC involvement, 15–16, 21–23, 25, 36; logo contest, 86, 87; rate reductions, 16–26, 25–26, 31n78, 98; tax deductions, 12–13; technological advancements, 14, 45–46; wireless accessibility, 385–400. See also relay services; SCPE
TVFA (Television for All), 188
2LVCO (two-line voice carryover), 137–38
UCPA (United Cerebral Palsy Association), 348, 349–50
Unity Coalition, 349
universal design: about, 189; Access Board guidelines, 365–69; FCC enforcement, 369–82; legislation, 346–60, 370; wireless TTY access and, 391
University of Oklahoma studies, 323, 328
USTA (United States Telephone Association), 68–69, 119, 317n39, 373
Vanderheiden, Gregg, 356, 371, 384n43
VCO (voice carryover) relay, 120, 395;. See also 2LVCO
Verizon Wireless, 381
VETS (Video Enhanced Telephone Service), 23
video description, 247, 269n6, 270n18, 273n77
Vlug, Henry, 151
VoIP (voice over Internet Protocol), 177, 381–82, 384n43, 404
volume controls, 294, 307–8, 312–13, 315, 319n90, 320n91
VRS (video relay service), 132–35, 404
Washington Post, 155, 161, 350, 361n20
Washington Times, 236
Weinstock, Bob, 157
Weldon, Curt, 178
Whitehead, Clay, 183
Whitestone McCallum, Heather, 307
WID (World Institute on Disability), 305, 346
Wiley, Richard, 16
Willard, Tom, 86
Windhausen, John, 49
Wireless Access Coalition, 332, 333
Wireless Communications Council, 323
Wireless E911 Coalition, 388
wireless industry, 324–37, 339, 342n61, 343n72, 343n73, 385–98
wireless telephones: FCC involvement, 306, 322–24, 326–39, 343n72; hearing aid compatibility, 306, 321–39; temporary exemptions for, 281, 298, 321–22, 339n3; TTY accessibility, 385–98
Workforce Investment Act, 87
workplace access, 297, 300, 313, 329
Wright, J. Skelly, 214
Wyden, Ron, 368
Wynns, Peyton, 280
Yoreo family, 58