Index

Figures and tables are indicated by f and t following the page number.

ableism, 256, 286, 291, 326

accented signing, 240–41, 256

Access to Work, United Kingdom, 116

Acharya, M. N., 8

Adamorobe, Ghana, 15, 80, 178, 249

Adedeji, Matthew, 183

agency, social and cultural capital, 116

AGREE (Catalan), 231, 231f

Ahmad, W. I. U., 260, 271

Akamatsu, C. T., 68

Al-Fityani, K., 205n6

Ali, K., 8

Al Isharah, 264

All-German Deaf-Mute Congresses, 143

American/Indonesian Deaf Youth Leadership Exchange, 179

American Sign Language (ASL)

avoiding, deaf professional mobility and, 249–51

cosmopolitanism and, 10–11

influence in IS, 224

influence in KSL, 225–26

popularity of, 98, 215

as threat to local or national sign languages, 215, 248–49, 251–53, 253f, 256

used in Global South, 225–26, 250–52

Anderson, Glenn B., 112

Anthias, F., 260

Antonsich, M., 262

Appiah, K. A., 13, 19

asylum procedures, 69–70

Ataman, O., 70

ATTITUDE (International Sign), 230, 231f

audism, 11, 26, 32, 257

autoethnography, 59

Balachandra, S. K., 70

Balaguera, Johanna, 130

Bali, deaf tourism in, 149–73. See also Bengkala, Indonesia; BISINDO

belonging, finding spaces of, 278–84

COVID-19 pandemic and, 321

deaf networks and nodes used for, 192

deaf schools, visiting, 153, 172, 190

deaf tour guides for, 159–67, 162f, 165f

finding research participants for, 37–38

global deaf circuit and, 154–57

interviews for, 55–56

language learning and, 215

overview, 157–59

participant observation and, 44–45

Bali Deaf Community, 166, 190, 280–81

Bangladesh, Kutupanlong Refugee Camp in, 153

Barish, Joel, 37, 136, 153

Barpaga, Rinkoo, 37, 50, 112–13, 116

barriers to mobility. See immobility

Bauman, H., 5

Beckton Deaf Club, London, 108, 188

Bélanger, D., 293

belonging, spaces of, 258–92. See also deaf networks and nodes; deaf spaces

deaf culture, community, and identity, 259–60

deaf migrants in London and, 100, 111, 263–74, 266f

deaf professional mobility and, 284–89

deaf refugees and, 274–77, 277f

deaf studies on, 259–61

deaf tourism and, 150, 278–84

intersectionality and, 259, 261–62, 291, 326

national sign language use and, 235

Bengkala, Indonesia. See also Kata Kolok

belonging, finding spaces of, 279–80

benefits of tourism, 197, 280

as deaf node, 178, 194–95

deaf tourism in, 45, 167–72, 169f, 190, 279

immobility of locals encountering deaf tourists, 320–21

interviews of deaf people in, 55–56

language use and calibrating of deaf tourists, 216, 217f

network capital of residents, 180

out-of-place languages in, 249

Bible translations. See DOOR International, Nairobi

Birley, Dawn Jani, 49, 131

Birthing a Genre: Deaf Ethnographic Film, 27

BISINDO

alphabet differences in, 234–35, 234f

ASL as threat to, 249, 249f

calibrating and, 216, 217f, 222–23

International Sign compared, 222

other sign languages as threat to, 249, 249f

sharing signs in, 230, 231f

Black Deaf UK, 113, 116

Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement, 112–13, 115

Blank Canvas Voyage website, 153–54

blind people. See deafblind people

Blommaert, J., 43

Bourdieu’s theory of practice. See also capital; fields in theory of practice; habitus in theory of practice

deaf migrants and, 92, 107, 117

deaf refugees and, 67–68, 74, 76–90

overview, 19–20

Breivik, J. K., 7, 121, 155, 259

Brick, Kelby, 153

Bristol Deaf Club, United Kingdom, 186

British Deaf Association, 120

British Deaf News, 186

British Sign Language (BSL), 98–99, 107, 212, 236–40, 246, 248–49, 264

British Sign Language Broadcasting Trust (BSLBT), 185

Bruner, Edward, 149

Busch, B., 213

Cahyadi, Wahyu

Bengkala tours, 171–72

calibrating sign languages, 163, 216, 217f, 223, 226, 228, 229–30, 244

as deaf node, 159, 164, 195

English language skills, 244

foreign contamination of local sign languages and, 249, 249f

MobileDeaf project and, 37–38, 44–45

mobility and immobility of, 313–14, 320–21

participant observation and, 44–45

photographs, 162f, 217f, 249f

services as tour guide, 159–67, 190

calibrating. See language learning and calibrating

CALIBRATING, 212–13, 213f

Cambodia, deaf tourism in, 150–52, 155–56, 166

Canadian Deaf Sports Association, 120

Canagarajah, S., 13

capital

in Bourdieu’s theory of practice, 19

cultural. See cultural capital

of deaf migrants in London, 92, 97, 117

economic. See economic capital

immobility and restriction of, 293, 327

linguistic. See linguistic capital

network. See network capital

physical. See physical capital

of refugees at Kakuma Refugee Camp, 68

social. See social capital

Carling, J. R., 294

Carmichael, Ian, 40

chaining, 222–23, 228, 236

Chaudhuri, M., 7, 23

Chicago Congress (1893), 18

Cho, S., 22

Chomsky, Noam, 104

City Literary Institute, Holborn, London

BSL classes at, 107, 188, 246

as deaf node, 187–88

as deaf space, 108

English language classes at, 246

as field in theory of practice, 98

MobileDeaf project and, 36–37

Clin d’Oeil, Reims, France

“deafening” of space around, 204, 207

as deaf node, 205–6

economic and network capital, 197

global deaf circuit and, 202–3

interviews conducted at, 56

MobileDeaf project and, 39–40

national clustering at, 133

participant observation at, 50

visa issues for attendees, 313

CLSLR (Cross-Linguistic Sign Language Research) conference, Nijmegen (2007), 168

cochlear implants, 18, 286

codemixing, 227

COFFEE (BISINDO and Kata Kolok), 249, 249f

Cole, E., 68

colonialism, 5, 6, 180, 215, 242, 326

comparisons

calibrating and learning languages, 255–56

deaf refugees and, 85

deaf tourism and, 152–53, 172

essentialisms and stereotypes at international events, 135–38

in international deaf spaces, 139

overview, 17–19

of signs in national sign languages, 139, 228–29

confidentiality, 57

Congress of the International Deaf Chess Federation, Manchester (2018), 313

consent, formal and informal, 40–42

Cooper, A. C., 151–52, 166

cosmopolitanism, 149–50, 278. See also deaf cosmopolitanism

Couchsurfing (social networking service), 192, 194

COUNTRY (International Sign), 122, 122f

COVID-19 pandemic, 198, 294–95, 305–7, 321

Crawley, H., 94

Crenshaw, K., 21, 261

crip linguistics, 242

crip time, 60–61

Cross-Linguistic Sign Language Research (CLSLR) conference, Nijmegen (2007), 168

cultural capital

in Bourdieu’s theory of practice, 19

of deaf migrants in London, 103, 107, 108, 116

of deaf refugees, 68, 75–76, 81, 86–87, 90, 298, 308

deaf tourism and, 149–50, 172–73

immobility and, 322

culture

calibrating and, 224–25

deaf culture. See deaf culture

disrespectful signs and, 234–35, 234f

lack of access for deaf people, 260

refugee camps, conflicts in, 274

tourism issues and, 235

translations of interviews to written languages and, 57

curiosity, 234, 257, 319, 325–26

Dadaab Refugee Complex, Kenya, 71, 72–75

Deaf Academics Conferences (DACs), 39, 132, 143, 145, 202

Deaf Alliance, 168

deafblind people

belonging, finding spaces of, 221, 284–85, 290

communication modes for, 221

deaf migrants, 203

deaf professional mobility and, 284–85

deaf refugees, 82–83

deaf cafés, 99, 108, 154, 187

deaf camps. See deaf professional mobility

deaf capital, 20, 153. See also deaf ecosystem

Deaf Chess Olympiad, Manchester (2018), 9, 39–40, 123–25

deaf clubs

closures of, 186–87, 210

as deaf nodes, 184–88

racism in, 185

deaf community, 177, 259. See also belonging, spaces of; deaf networks and nodes

deaf cosmopolitanism

belonging, finding spaces of, 278–79, 288, 291

challenges of, 324–25

deaf professional mobility and, 121

deaf tourism and, 151, 153, 157, 172–73

hospitality and hosting deaf people, 194

intersectionality and, 21

language calibrating and, 213, 221–22, 225, 254–55, 257

linguistic shame and humor, 234–35

Mobility Studies and, 8–13

scaling and comparing, 19

sign language use and, 10–11, 194n5, 288

deaf culture

belonging and. See belonging, spaces of

deaf clubs and, 186

deaf schools and, 110

in deaf villages, 170

right way to be deaf and, 18, 139, 215, 240

deaf ecosystem

belonging and, 281–83

deaf hosting and, 195

deaf tourism and, 155, 159–60, 166, 172

defined, 153

deaf ethnography, 25–63

analysis and writing, 58–61, 59f

consent, formal and informal, 40–42

intersectional lens and, 21–23

interviewing, 52–57

labels in writing, 61–62

networks and locations, 35–40

participant observation, 42–51

team composition and biographies, 28–35

translations, 57–58

Deaf Extra Linguistic Knowledge (DELK), 70

deaf gain, 11, 159

deafhood, 11, 265–66

deaf identity. See also intersectionality

belonging vs., 259–62, 326

deaf cosmopolitanism and, 291

deaf migrants in London and, 98–99, 268

deaf schools and clubs, 185

deaf tourism and, 279

labels in writing, 61–62

nationality and deaf professional mobility, 125, 132, 147

deaf interpreters, 69–70

deaf leaders, 138–42, 142f

Deaflympics

belonging, finding spaces of, 285–86

as deaf node, 202–3

events in common and networking, 202

funding for, 314–15

gender differences at, 316–17

hearing people at, 205–6, 286, 288–89, 315

national identity and, 121, 147

regulations for participation, 123, 286

sign names for, 180–81, 180f

Summer Deaflympics (Australia 2005), 183

Summer Deaflympics (Italy 2001), 121, 180–81

Summer Deaflympics (Turkey 2017), 315

Winter. See Winter Deaflympics

deaf marriage migration

belonging, finding spaces of, 265–66, 266f, 272–73, 290

class and, 107

deaf spaces and, 116

defined, 91

employment and, 102, 106–7, 247, 304

immobility and mobility experiences of, 303–8

learning new sign language and, 238–39

motivations for, 97

networks and nodes leading to, 190–92

power dynamics and, 99–100

“deaf meme” video template, 227

deaf migrants in London, 91–117. See also deaf marriage migration

analysis and writing of data on, 57–58

belonging, finding spaces of, 100, 111, 263–78, 266f, 277f, 292

deaf spaces and nodes, 107–15, 109f, 186–90

discrimination and, 110–15

employment and, 101–7, 105t, 247, 273, 304

English language skills and, 245–48

finding research participants, 35–37

history of migration to United Kingdom, 92–93

immigration and visa policies, 311–13

immobility and mobility experiences of, 303–7

informed consent procedures for, 42

interviews of, 52–54

language learning experiences of, 215–16, 236–41, 256

literature review on deaf migration studies, 93–95

networks and nodes used by, 94–95, 107, 190–92

participant observation and, 47–49

pathways of, 95–101

translations of interviews to written languages, 57

deaf migrants in Sweden, 69, 90

Deaf Migration London (webinar event), 100–101

Deaf Migration Studies, 93–95

Deaf Mobilities Across International Borders. See MobileDeaf project

Deaf Mobility Studies, 3–24. See also MobileDeaf project

Bourdieu’s theory of practice and, 19–20

comparisons and, 17–19

deaf cosmopolitanism and, 8–13

deaf spaces and, 14–15

intersectional lens and, 21–23

scale and, 15–16

transdisciplinary nature of, 14

translocality and, 16–17, 16f

deaf networks and nodes, 177–211. See also belonging, spaces of

cosmopolitanism and, 12

of deaf migrants in United Kingdom, 94–95, 107, 190–92

for deaf professional mobility, 183, 193–95, 198–209, 199–200f

for deaf refugees, 70, 77–81, 78f, 177, 179, 197–98

for deaf tourism, 184–85, 190, 192–97, 196f

events as, 198–209, 199–200f

identity formation and, 185

individuals as, 190–98, 196f

institutional deaf spaces, 14–15, 184–90

morality and giving back, 184

overview, 177–79, 178f

personal illustrations of, 181–84, 182f

shared mental maps and new signs, 180–81, 181f

translocality of, 181

Deaf Night Out event, Washington, D.C., 203

Deaf Rave, London, 108

deaf refugees in Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya, 67–90

arrival at refugee camp, 72–76, 73f

belonging, finding spaces of, 274–77, 277f, 290–92

capital, forms of, 86–89, 88f

deaf education of, 75–76, 78–81, 86–87, 185, 276–78, 297–98

deaf nodes and, 70, 77–81, 78f, 177, 179, 197–98

Deaf Refugee Studies and, 68–71

employment of, 79, 296–97

events leading to creation of camp, 71–72

finding research participants, 38–39

Food Distribution Center and, 299–300, 299–300f

immobility and mobility experiences of, 293–94, 295–303, 298–302f

informed consent procedures for, 41–42

interviews of, 54–55

knowledge and socialization process, 81–86, 85f

language learning and calibrating of, 215–17, 218f, 225–26, 241–42, 252–54

overview, 76–77, 77f

participant observation, 45–46

Protection Delivery Unit, 308–11, 309–10f

resettlement of, 307–11

translations of interviews to written languages, 301

Deaf Refugee Studies, 68–71

deaf researchers, 26–28

deaf rights, 139, 144, 152–53

DEAF-SAME concept

belonging, finding spaces of, 291

comparing and, 18–19

deaf tourism and, 155, 279, 282

defined, 12

economic capital and, 198

institutionalization of deaf expectations, 18–19

Mobility Studies and, 327

sign comparisons and, 228–29

deaf schools

closures of, 210

deaf culture and, 110

deaf migrants moving for, 96, 270

as deaf nodes, 78, 172

for deaf refugees, 78–79, 84, 90, 225, 241–42, 298

deaf sports in, 123

deaf tourism and, 59, 153, 154, 171–72, 184–85, 190, 249

established in Africa, 182–83, 226

established in Fiji, 183

racism at, 112

volunteering at, 281

deaf sociality, 80, 153, 156, 186, 221, 235. See also deaf spaces

deaf spaces. See also belonging, spaces of; deaf networks and nodes

accessing, 11, 27

“deafening” of space around international events, 143, 203–4, 207

deaf tourism and, 151, 154, 156

discrimination in, 110–15

employment opportunities in, 103

empowerment and, 15, 153

finding research participants and, 35–40

in Kakuma Refugee Camp, 77–81, 78f, 87–89, 88f, 297

in London, 99–100, 107–15, 109f, 116, 186–87

loss of, 186–87, 210–11

mapping involvement in, 107–10, 109f

national comparisons in, 139

overview, 14–15

religious, 80, 100, 270–72, 292

social capital and, 187

social media and, 15, 107–8, 110, 278

The Deaf Sport Movement in Europe (Mesch & Mesch), 120

deaf sports events. See deaf professional mobility; specific events

Deaf Studies. See also Deaf Mobility Studies; MobileDeaf project

class in, 103–7

collaborations and interdisciplinary connections for, 328

deaf community lens and, 179

deaf cosmopolitanism and, 9, 11

on deaf migrants in United Kingdom, 93–95

deaf networks and nodes, 209–10

Deaf Refugee Studies, 68–71

deaf researchers and, 26–28

deaf space and, 14

ethnography in, 25–27

on identity and belonging, 259–61

on racism and discrimination, 111–12, 117

single-axis thinking in, 22

deaf tourism, 149–73. See also deaf villages

ASL contaminating local sign languages and, 248–49

in Bali, overview, 157–59

belonging, finding spaces of, 150, 278–84, 291–92

deaf networks and nodes for, 184–85, 190, 192–97, 196f

deaf schools, visiting, 59, 153, 154, 172, 184–85, 190, 249

deaf tour guides, 159–67, 162f, 165f

deaf village of Bengkala, 167–72, 169f. See also Bengkala, Indonesia

economic capital channeled through, 197

English language skills and, 244

exchanging signs and, 227–29, 234

finding research participants for, 37–38

gender differences in, 317–18

global deaf circuit and, 154–57

interviews for, 55–56

language learning and calibrating, 215, 216, 217f, 221–23

language shaming and, 234–35, 234f

participant observation and, 44–45

to “see how they live,” 59, 151–53, 172–73, 190, 194

souvenir signs from, 229–30

visa and border policies, 313–14

#deaftravel: Deaf Tourism in Bali (film), 55, 221, 222, 228, 320

DeafUKSocials Facebook page, 110

deaf utopias, 170–72

deaf villages. See also Bengkala, Indonesia

Adamorobe, Ghana, 15, 178, 249

belonging, finding spaces of, 279–80

Clin d’Oeil compared to, 207

as deaf nodes, 178, 197

global deaf circuit and, 154

to “see how they live” as motivation for visiting, 59

deaf with disabilities. See also deafblind people

crip linguistics, 242

crip time, 60–61

Deaflympics and, 286

immobility and, 293, 318–19

Kakuma Refugee Camp and, 82–83

De Clerck, G. A. M., 138–39

De Keyzer, David, 313

Delanty, G., 114

DELK (Deaf Extra Linguistic Knowledge), 70

Denmark. See Frontrunners course, Denmark

Desloges, Pierre, 8

De Vos, C., 168

de Weerdt, Danny, 200–201

DISAGREE (Catalan), 231, 231f

discrimination. See also racism; xenophobia

ableism, 256, 286, 291

audism, 11, 26, 32, 257

class and, 105–6

colorism among refugees, 276–78, 277f

by deaf people toward deaf people, 240

in deaf spaces, 110–15

deaf tourism and, 282–86

education testing and, 247–48

homophobia and, 144–45

Islamophobia and, 114–15, 145, 267

job interviews and, 102

language shaming and, 233–35, 240

language use and, 326

salience hierarchies resulting from, 260, 291

Dong, J., 43

DOOR International, Nairobi

analysis and writing of data, 58f

calibrating and, 226–27

as deaf node, 208

essentialisms and stereotypes at, 138

gender-related cultural attitudes at, 317

language learning and calibrating at, 251–54, 253f

MobileDeaf project and, 39–40

national sign languages at, 145

participant observation at, 49–50

returning home with new resources from, 141–42, 142f

Double Discrimination (film), 37, 50, 112–13

Draper, Amos, 8–9, 10, 12

Duggan, N., 242

economic capital

belonging and, 264–65

in Bourdieu’s theory of practice, 19

deaf knowledges and histories, 181

of deaf migrants in London, 103–4

deaf networks and nodes as channels for, 197–98

deaf professional mobility and, 314–15

of deaf refugees at Kakuma Refugee Camp, 68, 87, 90, 296, 298

deaf tourism and, 319

immobility and, 322

education. See also deaf schools

communication quality and, 273

of deaf migrants in London, 96, 103, 110

for deaf refugees, 75–76, 78–81, 86–87, 90, 185, 225, 241, 276–78, 297–98

English proficiency necessary for, 247–48

language learning and calibrating, 225

learning new sign language, 235–43

mainstreaming deaf students, 96, 186, 286

Sweden, deaf migrants to, 69

888 Club, London, 112–13, 189

Ellington, David, 186

Elliott, A., 179

Emery, Steven, 25, 30–31, 91, 177, 212, 258, 293

emotional attachment and belonging, 258, 262

empathy, 149, 325

employment

deaf migrants in London and, 101–7, 105t, 247, 273, 304

deaf networks and nodes for, 185

of deaf refugees at Kakuma Refugee Camp, 79, 296–97

of deaf tourists, morality and, 151

English language skills and, 247

interpreters provided for, 116

marriage migration and, 102, 107, 247, 304

unemployment and government benefits, 111, 151, 265, 273, 281–82

empowerment

deaf professional mobility and, 139

deaf refugees and, 79

deaf researchers and, 328

deaf spaces and, 15, 153

deaf tourism and, 12, 156

immobility and, 307

international mobility and, 12

Enfield Deaf Club, 188

English language

ASL and, 250, 252–53

learning, 243–48, 256

Signing Exact English, 225, 253

Esperanto, 121, 135, 194, 194n5

Essentialism, 61–62, 135–38, 142

ethics

deaf tourism and, 151, 195

informal and formal research consent and, 40–41

labeling in writing and, 62

language practices and, 222

politics and ethics of belonging, 258

ethnographic interviews, 52

ethnography, 25. See also deaf ethnography

European Deaf Sports Organisation, 120–21

European Research Council, 3

European Union of the Deaf Youth (EUDY), 123, 201

Fians, G., 121, 135

field notes, 43

fields in theory of practice

capital and, 20

of deaf migrants in London, 92, 95, 97–98, 117

defined, 19

Fiji, deaf schools in, 183

Finding Spaces to Belong (film), 37, 42, 53–54, 241, 268–70

fingerspelling

alphabet differences and, 98, 222–23, 234, 234f, 238

as bridge between languages, 220, 226–27, 244

chaining for understanding, 222–23

English language learning and, 246

language learning and calibrating, 216–18, 217–19f, 220, 223

mouthing words vs., 221

used in International Sign, 213

FINISHED (Libras), 231, 231f

Finland, deaf asylum seekers in, 69–70, 90

FLAG (International Sign), 122, 122f

forced migration. See deaf refugees in Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya

Foster, Andrew J., 181–84

Foster, S., 260

Found at the Deaf Club (film), 185

Found in the UK (film), 99

Friedner, M., 8, 11, 136, 139, 156

Frontrunners course, Denmark

age restrictions for, 123

ASL, English, and IS use in, 244–45, 249–50

deaf networks and nodes through, 193

essentialisms and stereotypes at, 137–38

exchange program to Ghana, 157

interviews conducted at, 56

language learning and calibrating at, 217–18, 219f, 223–25, 230–34, 231f, 239

MobileDeaf project and, 39–40

national representation at, 124, 125

national sign languages at, 145

networking leading to participation in, 202

returning home with new resources from, 140–41

Fryer, P., 92

Gaillard, Henri, 155

Gallaudet University, 15, 117, 157, 178–79, 182, 192

Gardner, Philip, 314

gender. See also deaf marriage migration

cosmopolitanism and, 10

deaf professional mobility and, 120, 317

deaf refugees and split habitus, 82

deaf researchers and participant observation, 45, 47, 50

deaf spaces, discrimination in, 110–11

deaf sporting events and mobility, 123, 316–17

deaf tourism and, 318–19

immobility and, 303–4

Islamophobia and, 114–15

national identities at international events and, 119–20

gesturing, 90, 203, 223, 242

Ghana

Adamorobe, “deaf village” in, 15, 80, 178, 249

deaf schools in, 182–83

student exchange experiences in, 157

Giansanti, Terry, 156

Glasgow Deaf Club, United Kingdom, 186

Glick Schiller, N., 8, 9, 121

global deaf circuit, 150–51, 154–57, 159–60, 172, 179, 195. See also Deaf networks and nodes; Deaf spaces

globalization, 93, 154

Google Translate, 244

Graburn, N. H., 152

Great Big Story, 168

Grounded Theory (Glaser & Strauss), 58

habitus in theory of practice

of deaf migrants in London, 92, 95, 97, 117

Deaf Mobility Studies and, 20

of deaf refugees, 81–86, 85f, 90

defined, 19

Handicap International, 38

hands-on signing, 203, 221, 284–85

Hands On Tours (HOT), 155–56

Hartvedt, Margareth, 316

Harvey, David, 104, 180

Haualand, H., 6, 18, 26, 121

HEARING (Europe and Asia), 233, 233f

hearing people at deaf international events, 133, 205–6, 286, 288–89, 315

Henner, J., 242

Holmström, I., 69, 90, 94, 242

home, belonging and, 262

home signs. See village signs

homophobia, 144–45

hospitality for deaf tourists, 151, 193–95

Hou, L. Y.-S., 8

humor and jokes

to defuse harmful comments, 283

to establish belonging, 281–82

linguistic, 233

racism and, 282–83

sign names and, 229

Humphries, T., 186

ICSD (International Committee of Sports for the Deaf) congress, 121, 129–30, 129–30f, 208, 289, 314, 316

identity. See deaf identity; intersectionality

IDENTITY (Finnish sign), 230, 231f

immigration and visa policies, 5, 93, 106, 293–94, 311–13

immobility, 293–323

of deaf marriage migrants in London, 303–8

of deaf refugees in Kakuma Refugee Camp, 293–94, 295–303, 298–302f

financing deaf professional mobility, 314–15

gender and deaf professional mobility, 316–17

gender and deaf tourism, 317–18

language deprivation and, 12

of locals encountering deaf tourists, 320–21

Mobility Studies and, 4–5

national borders and bureaucracy, 307–14, 309–10f

in relation to others’ mobility, 323, 327

visa and immigration policies, 5, 93, 106, 293–94, 311–13

imperfect knowledge, 294

inclusion

belonging vs. identity, 261

calibration and, 326

deaf migration and, 264

deaf professional mobility and, 129, 132, 145

English use and, 243–44

ethical and political values, 258–59

Indigenous signs. See village signs

Indonesia. See Bali, Deaf tourism in; Bengkala, Indonesia; Yogyakarta, Indonesia

informed consent, 40–42

institutional deaf spaces, 14–15, 184–90

Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris, 154

International Committee of Sports for the Deaf (ICSD) congress, 121, 129–30, 129–30f, 208, 289, 314, 316

International Congress of the Deaf, Paris (1889), 9, 199

international events. See deaf professional mobility; specific events

International Sign (IS)

calibrating and, 213, 226–27, 255

deaf cosmopolitanism and, 10–11, 221–22

deaf professional mobility and requirements for use, 123–24, 134, 145–47, 223–25, 244, 249–51

national clustering at international events, 133

politics of, 57

as primarily European, 222–23, 225, 250, 253–54

privilege and, 202

translanguaging and, 213

internet use, 15, 193, 221. See also social media

interpreters

deaf migrants to United Kingdom and access to, 94, 96–97, 102, 116, 240

deaf people as, 69–70

for deaf refugees, 69–70, 86, 90

for national groups at international events, 133–34, 134f

sign language brokering, 221, 225

intersectionality

class and, 104

conflicts among identity groups, 204

cosmopolitanism and, 13

deaf ethnography and, 21–23, 26

deaf identity and belonging vs., 259, 261–62, 291, 326

defined, 22–23

Islamophobia, 114–15, 145, 189, 267, 283, 291

isolation of deaf people, 111, 295

Italy, deaf tourism in, 155–56

It’s a Small World (Friedner & Kusters), 8, 12

Iyer, Sanchayeeta, 25, 31–32, 91, 177, 212, 258, 293

James, M., 111, 260, 271

Jansen, B. J., 308

Jayaram, K., 14

Jewish Deaf Association (U.K.), 108, 187

job applications and interviews, 102–3

Johnson, R. E., 168

jokes. See humor and jokes

Jokinen, Markku, 201

Jordan, Jerald, 286

Karar, E., 70

Kata Kolok

calibrating and, 216, 217f

deaf tourism and, 167–68, 170–72

other sign languages as threat to, 171–72, 249, 249f

sharing signs in, 230, 231f

Kaufmann, V., 20

Kelly, P. F., 20

Kenya. See Deaf refugees in Kakuma Refugee Camp; DOOR International

Kenyan Sign Language (KSL)

ASL as threat to, 251–53, 253f

ASL influence on, 225–26

calibrating in, 216–17, 218f, 225–26

interpreters, 86

popularity in Kakuma Refugee Camp, 71

teaching in deaf schools, 84, 90, 225, 241–42, 298

Keywords of Mobility (Salazar & Jayaram), 14

Kinuthia, W., 260

Kiranmala, Adelia, 38, 163–64

Kisch, S., 168

knowledge exchange hubs, 108

Kold, Thomas, 205

Kusters, Annelies, 3, 8–11, 25, 28–29, 80, 89, 118, 136, 139, 157, 177, 187, 212, 221, 258, 293, 324

Kutupanlong Refugee Camp, Bangladesh, 153

labor migration. See deaf migrants in London

Ladd, P., 104, 264

language deprivation

deaf migrants in london and, 95–96

deaf refugees and, 68–70, 241–43, 256

immobility and, 12

stigma and trauma of, 216

language ideologies, 214–16, 222–23, 248–49

language learning and calibrating, 212–57

deaf migrants in London and, 215–16, 218–19, 220f

deaf professional mobility and, 213–14, 217–18, 219f, 223–25

deaf refugees and, 215–17, 218f, 225–26

deaf tourism and, 163, 215, 216, 217f, 221–23

English, learning and using, 243–48

examples, 216–27, 217–20f

exchanging and bestowing signs, 227–35, 228f, 231–34f, 326

language ideologies and, 214–16, 222–23, 248–49

of MobileDeaf researchers, 11, 44–46

morality and, 214–15

national sign language, 235–43

out-of-place languages, 248–55, 249f, 253f, 326

semiotic resources, 214, 221, 222, 223

translanguaging, 212–13

xenophobia and, 248

language shaming, 233–35, 239–40, 248, 256

language trajectories, 214

languaging. See language learning and calibrating

Larsen, J., 149

Lee, J., 77

Leeman, J., 229

Lefebvre, H., 119

LGBTQIA+ people

Bali tourism and, 159

Deaf Studies and, 259, 261

international events and local laws of host nations, 144–45

Kakuma Refugee Camp and, 82

in London, deaf groups for, 99

migration to London and identity development, 268–69

Libras (Brazilian Sign Language), 146–47, 232, 232f, 250

The Limping Chicken (blog), 186

linguistic capital

Bourdieu’s theory of practice and, 19

deaf migrants in London and, 98–99, 101, 107

deaf professional mobility and, 225

of deaf refugees, 68, 75–76, 79, 81, 84, 90, 308

immobility and, 306

privilege and, 225, 237

linguistic habitus, 84

linguistic humor, 233–34

London. See deaf migrants in London

Lost Community (film), 186

Lost Spaces (film), 186

Lusis, T., 20

Lutheran World Federation (LWF), 38–39, 301

Maire, Amandine le, 25, 29–30, 67, 177, 212, 258, 293

Malaurie, Isabelle, 287–88, 316–17

Malkki, L., 136

Mansfield, B., 147

Mansilla, Giovanni, 38, 45, 163–66, 171–72, 190

marriage migration. See deaf marriage migration

May, V. M., 21–23

McAuliff, K., 94

mental maps, shared, 180, 185, 202

Merricks, P., 133

Mesch, Urban, 128–29

microaggressions, 114, 207

migration. See deaf migrants in London; deaf refugees in Kakuma Refugee Camp

minorities. See also deaf with disabilities; gender; race and ethnicity

deaf-first identity narratives and, 260

finding research participants, 56

intersectional experiences of, 261

labels in writing, 61–62

MobileDeaf project (Deaf Mobilities Across International Borders)

concepts focused on, 325–27

deaf cosmopolitanism and, 8–13

deaf ethnography use in, 25–63. See also deaf ethnography

impact resulting from, 328–29

intersectional lens of, 21–23

overview, 3

power dynamics in, 4–5, 329

sign languages used in, 215, 236–37, 256

subprojects of, 3–4, 4f

teamwork benefits of, 328

transdisciplinary approach of, 14–20

types of mobility recognized by, 5–8

Mobility Studies, 4–8, 20, 327–28. See also Deaf Mobility Studies

Modan, G., 229

morality. See also ethics

deaf tourism and, 151–53, 156, 162, 166

language ideologies and, 214–15, 222

networks, motivation for using, 184

tourism issues and, 235

Moriarty, Erin, 9–10, 25, 32–33, 149, 169f, 177, 212, 221, 258, 293

motility inequality, 5

mouthing words

accented, 240, 256

chaining for understanding, 222–23

English language knowledge for, 244

fingerspelling vs., 221

International Sign and, 10, 213

translanguaging and, 212

Mulder project, Sweden, 69

Multilingual Situation of Deaf Refugees, Sweden, 69

Murangira, Ambrose, 193–94

Murray, J., 8, 12, 18, 119–20, 143, 184–85

mutual support networks, 153

national essentialisms, 135–38

national sign languages. See also specific sign languages

comparisons of signs, 139, 228–29

cosmopolitanism and, 10–11

deaf migrants learning, 235–43

deaf professional mobility and, 122, 122f, 133–35, 134f, 145–48, 236–37

deaf refugees learning, 241–43

nationalism and, 121–22

village sign languages and, 171

national stereotypes, 136–37, 224, 251, 274

natural signing, 240, 256

network capital. See also deaf networks and nodes

of deaf migrants, 189

defined, 20, 179

economic capital and, 197–98

privilege and, 185, 195

social media and, 179, 184, 191, 193–94, 204

networking capacity, 179

neurodivergence, 238, 251

Nigeria

deaf schools in, 183

national stereotypes of, 138

nonsigning deaf people, 286–89

Norway

deaf community in, 259

gender and deaf sports participation, 316

interpreters in, 70

O’Brien, D., 15, 84

Off the Grid (voluntourism), 156–57

Olsen, E. T., 70

openmindedness, 282–83, 325

oralism, 120, 153

otherness, 152, 156

out-of-place languages, 248–55, 249f, 253f, 326

Padden, C., 186, 205n6

Palfreyman, N., 222

Pan–Arab Sign Language, 205, 205n6

Paralympics, 285–86, 288, 314–15

Paris World Fair (1900), 9

Parr, S., 95

Parsons, Frances, 155

participatory mapping, 77–78, 78f

Patil, V., 22, 261

Pennycook, A., 215

people with disabilities. See deaf with disabilities

Physical capital, 68, 80–84, 89

Pierce, C., 114

place belongingness, 262, 265, 270, 280. See also belonging, spaces of

place-nodes. See deaf networks and nodes

power dynamics. See also white privilege and power

capital in theory of practice, 19

deaf marriage migrants and, 99–100

deaf migrants in London, 100–107, 105t

deaf nodes, economic capital channeled through, 198

deaf refugees and, 299–301, 299–300f

deaf tourism and, 281

immigration and visa policies, 294

institutionalization of deaf expectations, 18–19

interpreters and, 86

intersectionality and, 22

language shaming and, 233–35

in MobileDeaf project, 4–5, 329

mobility and, 4

study abroad and foreign exchange programs, 157

privilege. See also deaf tourism; white privilege and power

cosmopolitanism and, 10, 291

deaf professional mobility and, 201, 315

global deaf elite and, 26

immobility and, 5

linguistic capital and, 225, 237

mobility and, 4, 305

morality and giving back, 184

network capital and, 185, 195–97

out-of-place languages and, 256

of researchers, 36

sign language brokering and, 221

voluntary immobility and, 294–95

professional mobility. See deaf professional mobility

protactile signing, 203, 221, 284–85

PROUD (Arabic and Italian), 231, 231f

race and ethnicity. See also intersectionality; minorities

cosmopolitanism and, 10, 13

deafness transcending, 83–84

deaf professional mobility and, 285

of deaf researchers, 34, 46–48, 50

deaf tourism and, 150, 319–20

history of migration to United Kingdom, 92

migrant experience and, 37

mobility types and, 5

national identity and, 61, 119–20, 132

racism. See also white privilege and power

belonging, finding spaces of, 260, 282–85, 291

colorism among refugees, 276–78, 277f

deafblind people and, 284–85

in deaf clubs, 185

deaf migrants in London and, 96–97, 110–15, 270–71

deaf professional mobility and, 194, 207, 208, 250, 256

deaf tourism and, 319

historical, mobility barriers and, 182

humor and jokes on, 282–83

institutionalized, immobility and, 293

language shaming and, 233–35

language use and, 257, 326

in United Kingdom, 93

Racism Within the Deaf Community (Anderson & Bowe), 112

Redbridge Deaf Cafe, London, 108, 188

refugees. See deaf refugees in Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya

Reimers, R. R., 70

religious deaf spaces, 80, 100, 270–72, 292

repetition as calibration strategy, 224

right way to be deaf, 18, 139, 215, 240

Robinson, O. E., 104, 242

ROME (sign for Summer Deaflympics in Italy), 180, 181f

Rome Congress (1911), 143

Russell, Debra, 313

Saint John’s Deaf Club, United Kingdom, 108, 187

Salazar, N. B., 14, 152, 173, 294

Sambo, Ezekiel, 183

Saved By The Sign, 207

scale and scaling

comparisons and, 18–19

deaf networks and nodes, 210

deaf professional mobility and, 118–19, 135, 138

intersectional approaches to study of belonging, 262

of intersectionality, 23

overview, 15–16

production process of, 119–21

scale shifts and deaf tourism, 194

translocality and, 17, 196

Schapendonk, J., 179

Schewel, K., 294

Schmitt, P., 199

schools. See deaf schools; education

SEE (Signing Exact English), 225, 253

See Hear (BBC), 186

semiotic resources

appropriate spaces for, 248

calibrating strategies, 214, 221–25

deaf cosmopolitanism and, 235

deaf refugees and, 225–26

mobility and language learning, 255