Index
Accuracy in translation, 12
Actual medical interview (see Pediatric medical interview)
Addressees (see Hearers)
Adjacency pairs, 25, 164, 182, 203
Advocate role of interpreter, 66–67, 80
Affect of speakers, 17
African languages, translation problems, 6
Alzheimer’s, 202; and communicative incompetence, 72, 89
American Sign Language (ASL) (see also ASL-English interpreters): asides, 95; bilingualism of deaf audience, 14, 20; constructing dialogue and, 179–80; contact signing compared with, 36; equivalence issues, 8; medical interview, use at, 41–42; poetry translation, 5; pronoun use, 167–75; time-related events, sequencing of, 122; tum-initiation, 159–60
Animator as speaker’s role, 92–93, 96, 100
Approximation, 11
Approximators, use of, 29
Aristotle, on translation, 12
Arnold, M., on translation, 6
Asides in ASL lectures, 95
ASL (see American Sign Language)
ASL-English interpreters: dyads, 180–97; education (see Education programs for interpreters); footings and, 98–127 (see also Footings); lag time (see Lag time); medical interview analysis methods, 34–43; medical settings, 197–200; pronoun use (see Pronoun use); role model, 23–24; simultaneous signing and speaking (see Simultaneous input and output); spatial strategies used by (see Space, use in discourse)
Attention-getting strategies (see Summonses)
Author as speaker’s role, 92–93, 96, 100
Baker, C., 136
Baker-Shenk, C., 24
Bartlett, F.C., 51
Bateson, G., 50
Bengali, translation problems, 7
Bilingual-bicultural specialist model of interpreter’s role, 22
Bilingualism: deaf audience, 14, 20; spoken language interpretation, 20
Bobrow, D., and D. Norman, 53
Bonanno, M., 29
Bond of Deaf participant and interpreter, 161
Bond of doctor and interpreter, 161–62
Brislin, R., 13
British Sign Language, 10
Bystanders as hearers, 92
Casagrande, J., 12
Catford, J., 14
Clayman, S., 94
Code mixing, 14
Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf Code of Ethics (reprinted in App. 1), 207–11
Code switching, 14, 26, 37, 93–95, 113; effect of, 155; repetition and, 122
Cokely, D., 10–11, 17–18, 32–33 Communication facilitator model of interpreter’s role, 22
Communication model vs. information- processing model, 14
Communicative transaction, 13–15, 17
Conduit model of interpreter’s role, 22–23; rejection of, 153, 196, 204
Confusion in interpreted discourse, 67, 187–91 (see also Mismatched schema)
Consecutive interpretation, 19–20
Constructed dialogue, 176–80, 197, 203
Conversation (see Discourse)
Coordinating function of interpreters, 97
Cues: shifts in footing, for, 95; visual cues to upcoming discourse, 136, 147
Cultural differences in doctor-patient interview, 29–30
Cultural issues in translation (see Sociolinguistics)
Data collection/selection for study of interpreting in medical interviews, 34–47
Davis, J., 14
Deaf native signers with Deaf children, 137
Deaf patients (see Mock medical interview; Patient’s view of interpreter; Pediatric medical interview)
Dialect, 14
Dialect switching (see Code switching)
DiPietro, L., 32
Direct communication in interviews, 181
Discourse: compared with interpretation, 159–97; constructed dialogue, 176–80, 197, 203; footing in, 93–96; interactive frames and schema, 50–53; interviews as genre of, 27–28; spatial use, 16
Doctor-patient communication (see Medical interviews; Mock medical interview; Pediatric medical interview)
Doctor’s view of interpreter, 63–64, 74–75, 80, 88
Donaghy, W., 28
Dynamic equivalence, 5
Ear-voice span (see Lag time)
Education programs for interpreters, 200–1; data from, 37–38
English-British Sign Language interpretation, 10
Equivalence issues, 5–8; paradox faced by interpreters, 21–24; sociolinguistics, 12–18
Erasmus, on translation, 4
Errors in interpreting, 11, 32
Filtering, 11
Footings, 91–155; ASL-English interpreters, 98–127; cues that mark shifts in, 95; effect on interpreter’s influence, 158–59, 198; frames (see Frames); general discourse, 93–96; interactional management, 106–12, 45; interpreted encounters, 96–127, 165; linguistics and, 203; misrepresentation of, 165–67, 204; mock medical interview, 98–112, 145–55; pediatric medical interview, 112–27, 145–55; pronoun use, 172–75; relayings, 97, 100–6, 112
Formal equivalence, 5
Frames, 49–90; comparison of medical interviews, 88–90; footings and, 91–100; general discourse, 50–53; “leaky,” 174; mock medical interview, 56–68; pediatric medical interview, 68–87; perspectives, 54–56, 203
Frankel, R., 31
French, translation problems, 7
Gaze (see Eye gaze)
Gerver, D., 11
Gile, D., 2
Goffman, E., 50, 54–55, 57, 91–96, 100
Gumperz, J.J., 26, 50, 52, 93, 155
Hatim, B., and I. Mason, 3, 5–6, 13–14, 16–17
Hearers: bystanders as, 92; ratified, 92, 98–99; role of, 96
Helper model of interpreter’s role, 22
Hohenberg, J., 27
Hromosová, A., 9
Improvisation by interpreters, 197
Indexing, 137
Information overload, how interpreters handle, 11
Interactional management of interviews, 106–12, 127–45, 154; comparison of mock and actual medical interviews, 151–53; interference, 111, 133–36, 151–52; responses to questions, 109–11, 128–33, 144, 151–52; summonses, 136–44, 147, 153
Interactive frames and schema, 49–90; general discourse, 50–53
Interference, 111, 133–36, 144, 151–52; types of responses to, 163–65
Interpretation compared with monolingual interactive discourse, 159–97; differences, 165–75; similarities, 159–65
Interpretation compared with translation, 3–12; relevance of mode, 18–21; sociolinguistics, 12–18
Interpreted encounters, 32–33; footing in, 96–127; improvisation by interpreters, 197; interactional management, 106–12, 127–45; mock medical interview, 62–68, 98–112, 145–55; overlap between dyads, 180–97, 199, 203; pediatric medical interview, 74–80, 112–27, 145–55; relayings (see Relaying function of interpreter); triadic structure of, 175–76; view of interpreter’s role, 64–66, 74
Interpreter education programs (see also Mock medical interview): data from, 37–38; summonses and, 153
Interpreter-generated utterances (see Nonrenditions, interpretergenerated)
Interpreter’s bond with Deaf participant, 161
Interpreter’s influence in discourse, 1–3, 91, 98, 157–59, 204 (see also Nonrenditions, interpretergenerated); proof of, 197
Interpreter’s paradox, 21–24, 47, 106, 157–204
Interruptions of input, 11
Interviews, as discourse genre, 27–28 (see also Medical interviews)
Introductions, 159–62; interpreter education, need to investigate, 200
Jargon, 29
Kade, O., and C. Cartellieri, 10
Knowledge schema and structures, 51–56 (see also Schema)
Lack of rendition (see Omissions in interpreting)
Larson, M., 6
Legal settings, interpreters in, 15
Lexical borrowing, 14
Lexical signs, 36
Linguistic register (see Register use)
Lucas, C., and C. Valli, 35–36, 41
Marked vs. unmarked behavior, 157–59
Mather, S., 137
McDowell, E., 27
Mclntire, M., and G. Sanderson, 23, 162, 197
Mediators, interpreters viewed as, 22
Medical education, need to include interpreted encounters, 201
Medical interviews, 25–89 (see also Mock medical interview; Pediatric medical interview); analysis of interpreted interviews, 25–47; ASL-English interpreting, 34–47; asymmetry within, 30–32; control of, 30–32; cultural differences, 29–30; data gathering and structure of interviews, 34–43; interpreted encounter frames, 88; interpreter’s influence, 1–2, 32–33, 197–200; jargon, 29; miscues, 11; purpose of, 28; transcription issues, 43–47
Medical jargon, 29
Memory: errors, 11, 32–33; short-term memory and interpreters, 19; split memory, 9
Miller, J.G., 11
Minimizing differences between interpreted and monolingual discourse, 164–65, 175
Miscues of interpreters, 11
Mismatched schema, 87–89, 162, 185, 197
Misrepresentation of footings, 165–67, 204
Mock medical interview: comparison with actual medical interview, 88–90, 143–55, 167–75, 200; frames and schema, 56–68; introduction of interpreter, 160–62; medical- interview frame, 59–69; pronoun use, 167–72, 174; role-playing frame, 57–59, 150; setting, 39, 41
Monolingual discourse (see Discourse)
Musical-score format of transcription, 44–46
Neutrality issues, 1–24, 157–59 (see also Partiality shown by interpreters); interpreter’s own utterances, 175
News-interview discourse, 94
Nonrenditions, interpreter-generated, 98–99, 101, 106–14, 150, 157–58 (see also Relaying function of interpreter); influential nature of, 204; interactional management of interviews, 107–11, 127–45; interference in interview, 111, 133–36, 144; signed only, 147; student vs. professional interpreter, 154
Observer’s Paradox, 23–24, 34, 43
Ochs, E., 44
Omissions in interpreting, 10–11, 17, 98, 157, 198; source of utterance, 160
Originator of utterance, source attribution, 100–2, 106, 115–19, 147–49
Overlapping dialogue, 1–2, 9, 16, 105–6, 120–21, 164
Overlapping dyads, 180–97, 199, 203
Overload, how interpreters handle, 11
Paneth, E., 9
Paradox: interpreter’s, 21–24, 47, 106, 157–204; observer’s, 23–24, 34, 43
Partiality shown by interpreters, 2, 145–48, 158, 162 (see also Neutrality issues)
Participant role of interpreter, 66–67, 80, 154, 196, 204
Participation frameworks, 91–155
Patient’s view of interpreter, 66–68, 74, 80; bond between interpreter and Deaf patient, 161
Pediatric medical interview, 68–87; comparison with mock medical interview, 88–90, 143–55, 200; data selection, 38; direct communication, 181; doctor in, 74–75, 80, 82–83, 88; footings, 112–27; interpreted encounter frame, 74–80; linguistic register, 73; medical interview frame, 69–71; nurse in, 74–75, 81–82; pediatric examination frame, 71–74; pronoun use, 172–75; research study frame, 80–87; setting, 40–41; source attribution, 115–19
Perspectives, 54–56 (see also Frames)
Phonological equivalence, 5
Pidgin Sign English, 36
Pintner, I., 9
Poetry, translation of, 5
Pointing, 179
Prerecorded data for study of interpreting of medical interviews, 37–38
Prince, C., 33
Principal as speaker’s role, 92–93, 96, 100
Processes for interpretation, 8–12
Production format, 93
Professional expert role of interpreter, 21, 63–64
Professional interpreter vs. student interpreter (see Mock medical interview; Pediatric medical interview)
Pronoun use, 72, 74–77, 94–95; within renditions, 167–78, 191
Question-answer format of medical interviews, 31
Quotations in ASL lectures, 95
Ratified hearers, 92
Ray, L., 7
Reduced renditions, 17
Redundancy, 10
Register use, 14; differences in medical interviews, 30, 72–74, 94
Relaying function of interpreter, 97, 100–6, 112, 114–27, 145, 147–51, 154; comparison of mock and actual medical interviews, 148–51
Renditions by interpreters, 97–98
Repairs in discourse, 9; actual medical interview, 77–79, 88, 143; mock medical interview, 58
Repetition by interpreter, 10, 105–6, 119–22, 127, 148
Reported speech vs. constructed dialogue, 176–77
Requests for clarification, 122–27, 150
Researcher in actual medical interview, other participants’ view of, 80–87
Researchers in sociolinguistics studies, 23 (see also Observer’s Paradox)
Responses to questions at interviews, 109–11, 128–33, 144, 151–52, 158; effect of type of response, 198, 201
Role of interpreters, 22–24, 160–63 (see also Interactional management; Relaying function of interpreter); advocate and participant role, 66–67; professional expert role, 21, 63–64; rejection of conduit model, 153, 196, 204; service provider role, 64–66
Role playing (see Mock medical interview)
Rosenfeld, E., 203
Roy, C., 3, 8, 16, 22–23, 106, 122, 140, 145
Savory, T., 8
Schank, R., and P. Abelson, 53–55
Schema, 49–90; frames, relationship to, 50–56; mismatched, 87–89, 162, 185, 197; mock medical interview, 56–68; pediatric medical interview, 68–87; terminology, 54–56
Schiffrin, D., 28, 49, 71–72, 95, 167, 182, 203
Schlegel, A.G., on translating poetry, 5
Segmentation of information, 8–10
Seleskovitch, D., 7, 13, 18–19, 127
Self-repairs (see Repairs in discourse)
Semiotic interaction, 13, 16–17
Sermons, 94
Service provider role of interpreter, 64–66
Shadowing, 9
Shifting (see Body shifts)
Simultaneous input and output, 8–10, 19–20, 145–46, 200
Skopek, L., 31
Smith, F., 94
Sociolinguistics, 12–18; language choice and, 36; research problems, 23, 202–3
Source attribution, 100–2, 106, 115–19, 127, 147–49; importance in medical setting, 199; omission by interpreter, 160, 165
Space, use in discourse, 16, 95, 122
Spanish-speaking patients, 33
Speaker’s roles, 92–93, 96, 100–2
Split attention, 9
Spoken-spoken language interpretation, 10; vs. signed language interpretation, 20–21
“Sportscasting play,” 94–95, 111
Stammering, 31
Student interpreters (see Education programs for interpreters; Mock medical interview)
Subordinated communication, 86–87
Substitutions of words, 11 (see also Equivalence issues)
Swedish-Russian interpreted encounters, 33
Switching of dialect (see Code switching)
Tannen, D., 51, 91, 93, 176, 179
Tannen, D., and C. Wallat, 30–31, 51, 54, 73, 94
Teasing register, 73
Third-party status of interpreters, 21–22
Time factor (see also Lag time): medical interviews, 42; translating vs. interpreting, 18–19
Touching, during interviews, 137–43, 152, 164
Transcription issues and conventions, 43–47; list of conventions (App. 2), 213–14
Translation compared with interpretation, 3–12; relevance of mode, 18–21; sociolinguistics, 12–18
Translation of utterances vs. comprehension of utterances, 96–97
Turn-taking, 23, 25, 106, 140; initiation of turns, 159–60; medical interviews, 31; need for, 1; structural analysis, 15–16
Unmarked vs. marked behavior, 157–59
Valli, C., on translating poetry, 5
Videotaping for data collection, 34–37
Visual cues to upcoming discourse, 136, 147
Voice recognition, 160
Voloshinov, V., 203
Wadensjö, C., 3, 17, 23–24, 33–35, 96–97, 116, 197
Waving, 137
Welford, A., 8
West, C., 31
Wh-questions, 9
Winston, E., and C. Ball, 43–44
Witter-Merithew, A., 22
Written material translation (see Translation compared with interpretation)
Zimmer, I., 15