Deaf Lives
A Series Edited by TONYA STREMLAU
Gallaudet University Press
Gallaudet University Press is located on the
traditional territories of Nacotchtank and Piscataway.
© 2024 by Gallaudet University
All rights reserved. Published 2024
First edition 2004
Printed in the United States of America
Note: The painting Milan, Italy, 1880 by Mary Thornley on page 7 is reprinted by permission of the painter.
Willard J. Madsen’s poem “You Have to Be Deaf to Understand” appeared in Jack R. Gannon, Deaf Heritage: A Narrative History of Deaf America (Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press, 2012), 380.
ISBN: 978-1-954622-32-6 (paperback)
ISBN: 978-1-954622-33-3 (ebook)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The Library of Congress’s Cataloging-in-Publication data for this title can be found online at https://www.loc.gov/.
This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).
Cover description: White background with a row of pencils at the bottom. In the middle of the row, there is a single red pencil. At the top of the cover, small black text reads, “Twentieth Anniversary Edition.” Underneath, in slightly larger text reads, “Gina A. Olivia.” Large red text at the middle reads, “Alone in the Mainstream,” and underneath in small black text reads, “Looking Back on Public School as a Deaf or Hard of Hearing Child.”
Cover design by Eric C. Wilder.
While the author has made every effort to provide accurate internet addresses and other contact information at the time of publication, neither the publisher nor the author assumes any responsibility for errors or changes that occur after publication. Further, the publisher does not have any control over and does not assume any responsibility for third-party websites or their content.
Though every effort was made to secure the permission of each individual pictured in this work, some names may have been omitted to protect the identities of those individuals who could not be contacted. Identifying characteristics of the survey participants have been altered in order to ensure their anonymity.