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A Mighty Change: An Anthology of Deaf American Writing, 1816-1864: Index

A Mighty Change: An Anthology of Deaf American Writing, 1816-1864
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table of contents
  1. Preface
  2. Introduction
  3. Part One: Individual Authors
  4. Laurent Clerc
  5. James Nack
  6. John Burnet
  7. John Carlin
  8. Edmund Booth
  9. Adele M. Jewel
  10. Laura Redden Searing
  11. Part Two: Events and Issues
  12. 1850 Grand Reunion
  13. Dedication of the Gallaudet Monument
  14. Debate over a Deaf Commonwealth
  15. Inauguration of the National Deaf-Mute College
  16. Sources
  17. Index

INDEX

abolition, 109

“Advantages and Disadvantages of the Use of Signs” (Carlin), 94–100

African Americans, viii–ix

Booth and, viii, 183n

Flournoy and, viii, 182–83, 183n, 205, 205n

Jewel and, viii, 118, 126, 126n, 127n

slavery and, 152n, 157n, 182–83, 183n, 193n, 205, 205n

After a Long Cruise (Carlin), 92

Alexander I, czar of Russia, 27n

American Annals of Education, viii, xx

American Annals of the Deaf and Dumb, 39, 90, 109, 129

calls for National Deaf-Mute College in, 100–106, 212–13

deaf commonwealth debate in, 161–211

American Asylum for the Deaf, xii, xvi–xix, xxx, 3, 64n, 113, 211, 213, 224

Clerc and, 4, 215

1850 grand reunion and, 139–52

Gallaudet monument and, 153–60

land grant to, 4, 31, 150, 161, 165–66, 184n, 185–86, 210

American Colonization Society, 201

American Notes (Dickens), 96n

American Sign Language (ASL), xi, xvii–xviii, 142n

Burnet on, 51, 51n, 55n, 69n

deaf authors and, xxiii–xxiv, xxvii–xviii

fingerspelling and, 97, 97n, 100, 100n

intelligence and, xix–xx

Jewel and, 118, 119

privileging of English over, 98n, 171n

public perception of, xix, 132n, 133n

universality and, 12n, 51n

See also sign language

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 168n

Anamosa Eureka (newspaper), 107, 109

Anthon, Charles, 101, 101n

Aristotle, xix, 224

articulation, 24, 24n, 60–63, 132

Asten, Abraham, 32

Atlantic Monthly, 130, 183

Backus, Levi, xxi

Bakhtin, Mikhail, xxviii

Barnard, Frederick A. P., vii, xix–xx, xxv, 20n

Clerc letter to, 20–22

Barnes, William, 104, 104n

Batterson, James, 154

Baynton, Douglas, xxxii, 12n

Belisarius, 166, 166n

Bell, Alexander Graham, 130

“Belle Missouri” (Searing), 129–30, 134–35

Berthier, Jean-Ferdinand, 104, 105n, 220

Bible, xxv, 17, 76

Carlin on, 102, 158, 220, 223

Spofford and, 143–44, 144n–45n

See also Elijah; Jesus Christ; Lazarus; Sanballat

blindness, 40–41, 107, 124–25, 126–27, 166, 166n, 167. See also deafblind people

“Blue-Eyed Maid, The” (Nack), 32

Boardman, Eliza. See Clerc, Eliza Boardman

Bolling, William, xxix

Booth, Edmund, viii, xii, xxi

abolitionism and, 109, 183n

background of, 107–8

California gold rush and, 108–9, 110–12

Chamberlain on, 188–91

Confer on, 191

on deaf commonwealth proposal, 163, 170–72, 177–84, 205–8

Emery on, 209

Flournoy’s reactions to, 172–76, 187, 194–205

letter to Mary Ann Booth, 110–12

“On Emigration to the West by Deaf Mutes,” 112–17

public affairs and, 109–10

Booth, Frank, 108

Booth, Mary Ann Walworth, ix, 108–12

Booth, Thomas, 111, 111n

Boston Deaf-Mute Christian Association, 197n

Brace, Julia, 63n–64n

Braidwood, John, xxix

Brewster, John, 143n

Bridgman, Laura Dewey, 64n, 95–96, 96n, 97

Brief Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Adele M. Jewel (Being Deaf and Dumb), A (Jewel), 118–28

Brown, Nicholas, 218

Brown, Thomas, 139, 140, 145, 150n, 153

1850 grand reunion remarks of, 141–42

Bryant, William Cullen, 90, 104, 104n

Burnet, John R., vii–viii, xii, xxiii, xxv, xxvi, 104

background of, 38–40

on deaf commonwealth proposal, 193–94

“Emma,” xxvii, 40, 86–88

Nack and, 34

“On the Early Domestic Education of Children Born Deaf,” 44–64

“Orphan Mute, The,” 40, 64–86

“What the Deaf and Dumb Are before Instruction,” 40–44

Burnet, Phebe Osborn, 39

Burnet, Rachel, 39

Cabet, Etienne, 172, 172n

Calhoun, John C., 157, 157n

Candy, Elizabeth. See Clerc, Elizabeth Candy

Carlin, Andrew, 89

Carlin, John, viii, xii, xxiv, xxv, 34

address at dedication of Gallaudet monument, 154, 156–60

address at inauguration of National Deaf-Mute College, 92, 214–15, 218–24

“Advantages and Disadvantages of the Use of Signs,” 94–100

art and, 90, 92, 154, 216

background of, 89–90

on deaf commonwealth proposal, 192–93

Flournoy’s response to, 195, 202

lobbying for National Deaf-Mute College, xxvii, 92, 100–106, 213, 218

“Mute’s Lament, The,” xxv–xxvi, 90, 92–94

“National College for Mutes, The,” 100–106

public affairs of, 91–92

Carlin, Mary Wayland, 90

Catlin, George, vii

Chamberlain, William, 188

Booth’s response to, 207–8

on deaf commonwealth proposal, 163, 188–91

Emery’s reaction to, 209

Flournoy’s response to, 193n–94n, 194–95, 204

Chase, Mestapher, xx

Christian Examiner, 153

Christianity, 17–18, 45, 167, 222

deaf parishioners and, 91, 223n

Civil War, viii, 109, 164, 183n, 212, 214, 219n

Searing and, 129–30, 134–35

Clay, Henry, 4, 30, 30n, 157, 157n

Clerc, Elizabeth Candy, 23

Clerc, Eliza Boardman, xx, 4, 7, 20, 20n

Clerc, Francis Joseph, 4

Clerc, Joseph Francis, 23

Clerc, Laurent, viii, xii, xvii, xxiv, xxv, xxvi, xxviii, 1–5

address to Connecticut legislature, 13–20

address at dedication of Gallaudet monument, 154, 155–56

address at 1850 grand reunion, 148–52

address at inauguration of National Deaf-Mute College, 212, 214–18

autobiographical sketch, 22–31

background of, 1–2, 23–24

as Booth’s teacher, 108

Carlin and, 90, 104, 192, 216

deaf American creation story and, xiii–xvi

deaf commonwealth proposal and, 161, 164, 184, 192, 210–11

on deaf people’s capabilities, 15, 15n, 215, 217

first American speech of, 9–11

first impressions of America, 12, 28–29

on Gallaudet, 5–6, 7–8, 9, 24–26, 28, 31, 155–56

journal during voyage to America, 2, 5–9

land grant and, 4, 31, 150, 161, 184, 184n, 210

letter to Barnard, 20–22

on marriage, xxviii, 6–7, 7n

Monroe and, xx, 30–31, 30n

responses to audience questions, 11–13

revered as benefactor, xvi, 1, 4–5, 139–41, 147–48

Sicard and, xiv–xv, xxv, 2, 10, 24, 24n, 26–27

on sign language, 12, 12n, 13, 20–22, 24n, 25, 28, 216

visit to Congress, 4, 30

on writing, xxi, 21, 21n

Clough, 108

Cogswell, Alice, xiii–xvi, 143, 143n, 146, 146n

Clerc’s first impression of, 29–30

Sigourney on, 29n

Cogswell, Mason, xiv, 9, 29, 29n, 143, 159

Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind, 214

Combe, William, 183n

communal bonding, xvii–xix, 141, 155, 155n

Confer, P. H., 163, 191–92, 196n

Booth’s response to, 206

Flournoy’s response to, 196, 204

Congress, 114

American Asylum, land grant to, 4, 31, 150, 161, 184n, 185–86, 210

Clerc’s visit to, 4, 30

deaf commonwealth debate and, 162, 167, 178, 180, 189, 198, 202, 210

Searing and, 129

support of National Deaf-Mute College, xi, 212, 214, 218–19

Connecticut Asylum, For the Education and Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons, xxix–xxx, 3. See also American Asylum for the Deaf

Connecticut Legislature, xv, 13

Clerc’s address to, 13–20

Cooper, James Fenimore, 40

Coulter, E. Merton, 163n

Critic (journal), 33

Crystal Palace, 95, 95n

dactylological images, 96, 99

Daguerre, Louis-Jacques-Mandé, 173, 173n

Davis, Jefferson, 90

Day, George E., 94, 94n

DEAF (ASL sign), xxvii

“deaf” (English word), xxiv

deaf writers changing meaning of, xxvi–xxviii

deaf-blind people, 63, 63n–64n, 96, 96n

deaf commonwealth proposal, xviii, xxviii, 161–65

Booth’s disagreement with, 170–72, 177–84, 205–8

Burnet on, 193–94

Carlin on, 192–93

Chamberlain on, 188–91

Clerc’s disapproval of, 164, 210–11

Confer on, 191–92

Emery on, 208–9

Flournoy’s argument for, 165–70, 172–76, 184–87, 194–205

Turner’s reaction to, 163, 211

Worcester convention and, 210–11

Deaf Mute, The, xxi

Deaf-Mutes’ Friend, The, ix

deafness

after learning speech, 63

as advantage, 16, 17

as divine mystery, 17, 106, 134

partial, 62

as punishment, 182, 182n

social construction of, 41n

writing and, xxii–xxix

deaf people

African American, viii–ix, 126, 126n–27n, 205, 205n

children, 38, 44–64

deaf American creation story and, xiii–xvi

despising of, 191, 196, 196n, 211

double-consciousness of, xxii, xxviii

education and, xvi–xxii (see also education)

1830 census and, 44

emigration and, 112–17, 162

as family, xviii, 124

happiness of, xix, xxvii, 181–82, 182n

intelligence of, xix–xxi, 12n

isolation of, 17n, 171, 188, 191

potential of, xii, xxvii, 92, 101n, 164

sign language and, xix–xx, xxiii–xxiv (see also sign language)

women, ix–x, 175, 175n, 178

writing and, xii–xv, xxi–xxix, 12, 12n, 56–60, 104, 104n, 131

Delaroche, Paul, 90

Dickens, Charles, 96n, 224n

Dictionary of American Sign Language (Stokoe), 132n

double-consciousness, xxii, xxviii

double-voiced words, xxviii

Du Bois, W. E. B., xxii

Dwight, Timothy, 29, 29n

ear, 47–48

education, xvi–xxi, 124, 130–33, 179

Carlin on, 94–106, 218–24

Clerc on, 10, 10n, 14–15, 23–24, 215–18

condescension and, 170–71, 171n

deaf American creation story and, xiii–xvi

early domestic, 44–64

National Deaf-Mute College and, 100–106, 212–24

oral, xvi, 24, 61, 94n, 108, 147n (see also oralism)

sign language and, xvi, 21, 49–50, 94–100, 131–32, 147, 147n (see also sign language)

Spofford on, 143–44, 143n

writing and, xxii–xxix, 57 (see also literacy)

Elijah, 223, 223n

Emery, P. A., 208–9

emigration, 112–17, 162. See also deaf commonwealth debate

“Emma” (Burnet), xxvii, 40, 86–88

Empire State Association of Deaf-Mutes, xi

empowerment, xxi–xxii

English, xiii, xxi–xxiv, xxvii–xxviii, 164

Clerc learning, xv, 5–9, 21, 28

educational method and, 14–15, 56–60, 91, 95–100

foreignness of, to deaf people, 14, 14n, 57, 57n, 104, 104n, 132, 132n

hearing people’s superiority in, 95, 193

privileging over ASL, 98, 171n, 193

Epée, Charles-Michel de l’, 41n, 95, 204

Everett, Edward, 92

eyes, 77, 88

as deaf people’s ears, 48–49, 56, 63

Fairbairn, Elsie, 124

Faraday, Michael, 221, 221n

“Few Words about the Deaf and Dumb, A” (Searing), 130–34

fingerspelling, 91, 97, 97n, 100, 100n. See also manual alphabet

Florida School for the Deaf and Blind, xxix

Flournoy, John Jacobus, viii, xxviii

argument for deaf commonwealth, 162–64, 165–70, 172–76, 184–87, 194–205

background of, 161–62

Booth’s reactions to, 170–72, 177–84, 205–8

Burnet on, 193–94

Carlin on, 192–93

Chamberlain on, 188–91

Clerc’s response to, 164, 210–11

Confer on, 191–92

Emery on, 208–9

slavery and, 182–83, 183n, 193n, 205, 205n

Turner’s reaction to, 163, 211

as visionary, 164

foreignness, of deaf experience to hearing people, 169–70, 170n

foreignness, of English to deaf people, xxii–xxiii

Burnet on, 57, 57n

Carlin on, 104, 104n

Clerc on, 14, 14n

Searing on, 132, 132n

Fowler, Sophia. See Gallaudet, Sophia Fowler

French Sign Language, xvii

Gallaudet, Edward Miner, 153n, 213, 223

National Deaf-Mute College and, 213–14, 215, 218

Gallaudet, Sophia Fowler, 213–14

Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins, xxvii–xxviii, 1, 2–3, 38, 133n, 213

as Booth’s teacher, 108

Carlin’s homages to, 156–60, 223, 223n

Clerc on, 5–6, 7–8, 9, 24–26, 28, 31, 155–56

in deaf American creation story, xiii–xvi

death of, 153

dedication of monument in memory of, 153–60

1850 tribute to, 139–42, 144–47

naming deaf commonwealth after, 198

National Deaf-Mute College renamed after, 215

resignation of, 31, 31n

on sign language, xix

use of “heathen,” xxv, 37n

Gallaudet, Thomas (son), 142, 211, 223, 223n

Gallaudet Home for Aged and Infirm Deaf, 92

Gallaudet monument, dedication of, xii, 153–60

Carlin’s address, 91, 156–60

Clerc’s address, 155–56

Gallaudet University, 100n, 215. See also National Deaf-Mute College

Gannon, Jack, xxix, xxx

George, Adele M. See Jewel, Adele M.

Georgia School for the Deaf, 162

Glyndon, Howard. See Searing, Laura Redden

God, 134, 147, 182n

Burnet on, 42, 74, 76

Carlin on, 106, 218, 222

Clerc on, 10, 16–18, 150

Flournoy on, 201, 204

Jewel on, 121, 123, 125, 126

Spofford on, 143, 144, 144n–45n

government, 181, 189, 190, 194

Flournoy on, 165–66, 168, 174, 185, 204

grand reunion of 1850, xii, 139–52

Brown’s remarks, 141–42

Clerc’s address, 148–52

grateful rhetoric of, 150n, 167n

significance of, xi, 141

Spofford’s oration, 142–45

tribute to Gallaudet and Clerc at, 139–41, 145–48

Grant, Ulysses S., 129, 219, 219n

Greeley, Horace, 90

Groce, Nora Ellen, xxx

Harmony Society, 172n

Harper’s, 130

Harvard, John, 218

heathenism, xxv, 34, 37, 37n, 41n, 158, 158n, 171n, 222

Homer, George, 197, 197n

Howe, Samuel Gridley, 96n

Hudson, Henry, 4, 30

Humphries, Tom, xxxii

Icarian movement, 172n

iconic symbols, 53

Idylls of Battle (Searing), 130

Illinois School for the Deaf, 109

imitation, 50

Indiana Asylum, 127

Indians, 175, 185

intelligence, xix–xxi, 12, 98, 188

Iowa State School for the Deaf, 109

Irving, Washington, 40, 100, 101n

isolation, xvi, xxvi

Jauffret, Jean-Baptiste, 2

Jesus Christ, 10, 17, 37n, 143, 160, 168n

Jewel, Adele M., viii, ix, xii

background of, 118–20

Brief Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Adele M. Jewel (Being Deaf and Dumb), A, 118–28

education of, 124–25

marriage of, 119–20, 128

religion and, xxiv–xxv, 121, 123, 125, 128

on school for deaf and blind African Americans, 118, 126–27, 126n–27n

sign language and, 118, 119, 120, 124

writing and, 119, 122, 124, 125

Johnson, Alphonso, xi, xviii, xxvii

Kansas–Nebraska Act, 194n

Keller, Helen, 64n

Kendall, Amos, 213–14

Kentucky school for the deaf, xvii

Kitto, John, 104, 104n–105n, 133, 220

Knight, Almena, 119, 124, 127

Lamarckian Hypothesis, 221, 221n

Lamartine, Alphonse-Marie-Louis de Prat de, 104, 104n

Lane, Harlan, xxxi, 27n, 108n

Lang, Harry G., 33n

Lazarus, 168, 168n

Legend of the Rocks and Other Poems, The (Nack), 33

Liebig, Justus von, 221, 221n

Lincoln, Abraham, 129–30, 212, 214

lipreading. See speechreading

literacy, xx–xxi, xxii–xxiii, xxxi, 96n

Burnet on, 57, 74

in deaf American creation story, xiii–xv

in deaf commonwealth debate, 171, 171n, 174, 178–79, 188–89, 200

See also writing

Loring, George H., 145

address to Clerc, 147–48

address to Gallaudet, 145–47

Lucas, Ceil, xxx

Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 104, 104n

Machwitz, Alexander de, 27

Manhattan Literary Association of the Deaf, 92

Mann, Edwin, xviii

manual alphabet, 58–59, 95, 97, 154

British, 39, 97n

Martha’s Vineyard, xvii, 143n

Massieu, Jean, xiv–xv, 133, 133n, 224

Clerc and, 2, 24

Meath-Lang, Bonnie, 33n

meningitis, 107, 129

Mexican War, 157n–58n

mind, development of, 46, 100, 158, 222–23

“Minstrel Boy, The” (Nack), 34–37, 91

Missouri Compromise, 157n

Missouri School for the Deaf, 129

Monroe, Charlotte, 120

Monroe, James, xx, 4, 30–31, 30n, 52

mothers, 47–48, 49–50, 50n, 56. See also parents

Mott, Lucretia Coffin, 101, 101n

“Mute’s Lament, The” (Carlin), xxv–xxvi, 90, 92–94

mutism, xxvi

mythologization, xvi, xxv, 10n, 143n, 158n

Nack, James, vii, xii, 104, 220

background of, 32–33

“Minstrel Boy, The” 34–37, 91

poetic achievement of, 33–34

name signs, 53, 77, 77n, 98, 98n

Naryshkina, Marie Antonova, 27n

National Association of the Deaf, 110

National Deaf-Mute College, xi–xii, 40, 109–10, 130

Carlin and, 92, 100–106, 213, 214–24

Clerc and, 4, 212, 215–18

E. M. Gallaudet and, 213–14, 215, 218

inauguration of, 212–24

See also Gallaudet University

National Institute for the Deaf (Paris), xiv, 24n, 41n, 53, 62

neglect of deaf children, xxvi, 46, 48

New England Gallaudet Association of Deaf-Mutes, 155

deaf commonwealth proposal and, 164, 209–11

Newsam, Albert, 154

New York Institution, xvii, xx, 39, 40, 90, 102, 122

New York Times, 130

North American (magazine), 39

Notable Men in the House of Representatives (Searing), 129

Ohio Institution, xxii

Oliver Twist (Dickens), 224, 224n

“On Emigration to the West by Deaf

Mutes” (Booth), 112–17

“On the Early Domestic Education of Children Born Deaf” (Burnet), 44–64

oppression

deaf African Americans and, viii–ix

deaf women and, ix

Flournoy on, 166–69

oralism, 24n, 61–63, 108

deaf American creation story and, xvi

as inferior method, 94, 94n, 147n

as valuable, 60, 63

See also articulation; speechreading

“Orphan Mute, The” (Burnet), 64–86

Osborn, Phebe. See Burnet, Phebe Osborn

Osgood, Polly Ann, 121, 123

Padden, Carol, xxxii

pantomime, xxii, 30n, 97–98, 132, 153, 176

Paradise Lost, 90

parent-child rhetoric

Booth and, 181, 181n

Clerc and, 150, 150n

Flournoy and, 169, 169n

parents, 38, 46

deaf commonwealth debate and, 174–75, 179–80, 193, 199–200, 202

early education of deaf children and, 47–50

partial deafness, 62

paternalism. See parent-child rhetoric

patriotism, appeals to, 10, 10n, 37, 134–35

by Carlin, 105, 105n, 157–60

See also Civil War

Paulmier, M., 53

Peet, Harvey P., 153, 214

Peet, Isaac L., 102

Pelissier, Pierre, 104, 105n, 220

Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf, xvii, 4, 90

People’s Friend, The (newspaper), 39

Pierce, Franklin, 186, 186n

Pilgrim’s Progress, 90

poetry

by Burnet, xxvii, 38, 40, 86–88

by Carlin, xxvi, 90–91, 92–94

by Nack, 32–37

by Searing, 129–30, 134–35

Porter, Samuel, 184, 184n, 188, 191

potential of deaf people, xii, xxvii, 92, 101n, 164

prejudice, 42, 196

Presbyterian, The (newspaper), 129

public exhibitions, xiv–xv, xxi–xxii, xxv

Carlin on, 98–99

by Clerc in America, 3, 9–20

public perception

of American Sign Language, 132n–33n

of deaf people, xii, xviii–xxii, 15n

Rae, Luzerne, 139–40

Rapp, George, 172, 172n

Redden, Laura Catherine. See Searing, Laura Redden

religion, xxviii, xxxii, 18n, 76n, 145

Carlin and, 98–99, 160, 222, 223n

Clerc and, 149

Searing and, 134

Spofford and, 143–44

Rochester Method, 100n

Roebling, John, 126n

Rose, Mary, xx

St. Ann’s Episcopal Church for the Deaf, 91, 223n

St. Louis Republican (newspaper), 129

Sanballat, 202, 202n

Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, xxiv, xxxi

schools

Burnet on, 45, 61, 72–79, 86–88

Carlin on, 100–106, 218–24

Clerc on, 215–18

deaf American creation story and, xiii–xvi

impact of, xvi–xxii

pupil’s arrival at, 73, 76n, 96–97, 99, 108, 124, 130, 222

See also education; National Deaf-Mute College; individual schools

Scott, Winfield, 158, 158n

Scratchsides Family, The (Carlin), 92

Searing, Edward W., 130

Searing, Laura Redden, viii, xii, 91

background of, 129–30

“Belle Missouri,” 129–30, 134–35

“Few Words about the Deaf and Dumb, A” 130–34

on foreignness of English to deaf people, xxiii, 132

on sign language, 131–32, 132n

Seixas, David, 90

Seward, William, 90

Sicard, Roch Ambroise, xiv–xv, xxv, xxviii, 24n, 53, 95

Clerc and, 2, 10, 24, 26–27, 144

sign language

called “best method,” 147, 147n

Carlin’s reservations about, 91, 94–100

descriptions of, 51–56, 68–69, 69n, 77, 77n

development of, 53n

difficulty of learning, 51, 132

early education and, 49–50

as means to teach religion, 14, 88n, 223n

as natural language of deaf people, 21, 131–32

psychology and, 20–22, 97

respect for, xix, 132n, 133n

universality of, 12n, 51n

See also American Sign Language; manual alphabet

Sign Language Structure (Stokoe), 132n

Sigourney, Lydia (Huntley), 29, 29n, 88n

silence, 88n, 92–94

Skinner, Dr., 126

Skinner, P. F., 214

slavery

Booth and, 182–83, 183n

Clerc and, 152, 152n

Flournoy and, 193n, 205, 205n

Missouri Compromise and, 157n

social construction of deafness, 41n

sound, 12–13, 35, 62, 92–94

speechreading, 39, 60–62, 91, 130

Spofford, Fisher Ames, xvi, 140, 142–45

Stokoe, William, 132n

Stone, Collins, xxii

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 133

Strong, Nathan, 30, 30n

superstition, 15n

Tales of the Deaf and Dumb (Burnet), 38–40

Taylor, Zachary, 158, 158n

Texas School for the Deaf, xxix

Tonna, Charlotte Elizabeth, 133, 133n

Turner, Job, 152

Turner, William W., 163, 211

Flournoy’s letter to, 165–70

Valli, Clayton, xxx

Van Cleve, John Vickrey, xxix

Van Nostrand, Jacob, 212–13

Virginia School for the Deaf and Blind (Staunton), xxix

Walworth, Mary Ann. See Booth, Mary Ann Walworth

Wayland, Mary. See Carlin, Mary Wayland

Webster, Daniel, 100, 101n, 157, 157n, 220

Webster, Noah, 100, 101n

Weld, Lewis, 94, 140–41, 146

“What the Deaf and Dumb Are before Instruction” (Burnet), 40–44

Whorf, Benjamin Lee, xxiv, xxxi

Wilder, S. V. S., 27

Willard, William, 177

Woodward, James, xxx

women

domestic role of, ix, 50n

right to vote and, ix, 175, 175n, 178

writing and, ix–x

See also specific deaf women

writing

as bridge to hearing people, xx–xxi, 79, 79n

by deaf African Americans, viii–ix

in deaf American creation story, xiii–xv

by deaf women, ix, 118–37

difficulty of conveying deaf experience through, xxii–xxix, 131–32

education and, xx–xi, 56–58

emergence of deaf community and, xii–xiii

as link for deaf people, xxi

as proof of intelligence, xii, xiv, xv, xxi, 12, 12n, 33

Yale, Elihu, 218

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