INDEX
abolition, 109
“Advantages and Disadvantages of the Use of Signs” (Carlin), 94–100
Flournoy and, viii, 182–83, 183n, 205, 205n
Jewel and, viii, 118, 126, 126n, 127n
slavery and, 152n, 157n, 182–83, 183n, 193n, 205, 205n
After a Long Cruise (Carlin), 92
Alexander I, czar of Russia, 27n
American Annals of Education, viii, xx
American Annals of the Deaf and Dumb, 39, 90, 109, 129
calls for National Deaf-Mute College in, 100–106, 212–13
deaf commonwealth debate in, 161–211
American Asylum for the Deaf, xii, xvi–xix, xxx, 3, 64n, 113, 211, 213, 224
1850 grand reunion and, 139–52
Gallaudet monument and, 153–60
land grant to, 4, 31, 150, 161, 165–66, 184n, 185–86, 210
American Colonization Society, 201
American Notes (Dickens), 96n
American Sign Language (ASL), xi, xvii–xviii, 142n
deaf authors and, xxiii–xxiv, xxvii–xviii
fingerspelling and, 97, 97n, 100, 100n
privileging of English over, 98n, 171n
public perception of, xix, 132n, 133n
See also sign language
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 168n
Anamosa Eureka (newspaper), 107, 109
articulation, 24, 24n, 60–63, 132
Asten, Abraham, 32
Backus, Levi, xxi
Bakhtin, Mikhail, xxviii
Barnard, Frederick A. P., vii, xix–xx, xxv, 20n
Batterson, James, 154
Bell, Alexander Graham, 130
“Belle Missouri” (Searing), 129–30, 134–35
Berthier, Jean-Ferdinand, 104, 105n, 220
Spofford and, 143–44, 144n–45n
See also Elijah; Jesus Christ; Lazarus; Sanballat
blindness, 40–41, 107, 124–25, 126–27, 166, 166n, 167. See also deafblind people
“Blue-Eyed Maid, The” (Nack), 32
Boardman, Eliza. See Clerc, Eliza Boardman
Bolling, William, xxix
California gold rush and, 108–9, 110–12
Confer on, 191
on deaf commonwealth proposal, 163, 170–72, 177–84, 205–8
Emery on, 209
Flournoy’s reactions to, 172–76, 187, 194–205
letter to Mary Ann Booth, 110–12
“On Emigration to the West by Deaf Mutes,” 112–17
Booth, Frank, 108
Booth, Mary Ann Walworth, ix, 108–12
Boston Deaf-Mute Christian Association, 197n
Braidwood, John, xxix
Brewster, John, 143n
Bridgman, Laura Dewey, 64n, 95–96, 96n, 97
Brief Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Adele M. Jewel (Being Deaf and Dumb), A (Jewel), 118–28
Brown, Nicholas, 218
Brown, Thomas, 139, 140, 145, 150n, 153
1850 grand reunion remarks of, 141–42
Bryant, William Cullen, 90, 104, 104n
Burnet, John R., vii–viii, xii, xxiii, xxv, xxvi, 104
on deaf commonwealth proposal, 193–94
Nack and, 34
“On the Early Domestic Education of Children Born Deaf,” 44–64
“What the Deaf and Dumb Are before Instruction,” 40–44
Burnet, Phebe Osborn, 39
Burnet, Rachel, 39
Candy, Elizabeth. See Clerc, Elizabeth Candy
Carlin, Andrew, 89
Carlin, John, viii, xii, xxiv, xxv, 34
address at dedication of Gallaudet monument, 154, 156–60
address at inauguration of National Deaf-Mute College, 92, 214–15, 218–24
“Advantages and Disadvantages of the Use of Signs,” 94–100
on deaf commonwealth proposal, 192–93
Flournoy’s response to, 195, 202
lobbying for National Deaf-Mute College, xxvii, 92, 100–106, 213, 218
“Mute’s Lament, The,” xxv–xxvi, 90, 92–94
“National College for Mutes, The,” 100–106
Carlin, Mary Wayland, 90
Catlin, George, vii
Chamberlain, William, 188
on deaf commonwealth proposal, 163, 188–91
Emery’s reaction to, 209
Flournoy’s response to, 193n–94n, 194–95, 204
Chase, Mestapher, xx
Christian Examiner, 153
Christianity, 17–18, 45, 167, 222
deaf parishioners and, 91, 223n
Civil War, viii, 109, 164, 183n, 212, 214, 219n
Clay, Henry, 4, 30, 30n, 157, 157n
Clerc, Elizabeth Candy, 23
Clerc, Eliza Boardman, xx, 4, 7, 20, 20n
Clerc, Francis Joseph, 4
Clerc, Joseph Francis, 23
Clerc, Laurent, viii, xii, xvii, xxiv, xxv, xxvi, xxviii, 1–5
address to Connecticut legislature, 13–20
address at dedication of Gallaudet monument, 154, 155–56
address at 1850 grand reunion, 148–52
address at inauguration of National Deaf-Mute College, 212, 214–18
autobiographical sketch, 22–31
as Booth’s teacher, 108
deaf American creation story and, xiii–xvi
deaf commonwealth proposal and, 161, 164, 184, 192, 210–11
on deaf people’s capabilities, 15, 15n, 215, 217
first American speech of, 9–11
first impressions of America, 12, 28–29
on Gallaudet, 5–6, 7–8, 9, 24–26, 28, 31, 155–56
journal during voyage to America, 2, 5–9
land grant and, 4, 31, 150, 161, 184, 184n, 210
responses to audience questions, 11–13
revered as benefactor, xvi, 1, 4–5, 139–41, 147–48
Sicard and, xiv–xv, xxv, 2, 10, 24, 24n, 26–27
on sign language, 12, 12n, 13, 20–22, 24n, 25, 28, 216
Clough, 108
Cogswell, Alice, xiii–xvi, 143, 143n, 146, 146n
Clerc’s first impression of, 29–30
Sigourney on, 29n
Cogswell, Mason, xiv, 9, 29, 29n, 143, 159
Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind, 214
Combe, William, 183n
communal bonding, xvii–xix, 141, 155, 155n
Confer, P. H., 163, 191–92, 196n
Booth’s response to, 206
Flournoy’s response to, 196, 204
Congress, 114
American Asylum, land grant to, 4, 31, 150, 161, 184n, 185–86, 210
deaf commonwealth debate and, 162, 167, 178, 180, 189, 198, 202, 210
Searing and, 129
support of National Deaf-Mute College, xi, 212, 214, 218–19
Connecticut Asylum, For the Education and Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons, xxix–xxx, 3. See also American Asylum for the Deaf
Connecticut Legislature, xv, 13
Cooper, James Fenimore, 40
Coulter, E. Merton, 163n
Critic (journal), 33
Daguerre, Louis-Jacques-Mandé, 173, 173n
Davis, Jefferson, 90
DEAF (ASL sign), xxvii
“deaf” (English word), xxiv
deaf writers changing meaning of, xxvi–xxviii
deaf-blind people, 63, 63n–64n, 96, 96n
deaf commonwealth proposal, xviii, xxviii, 161–65
Booth’s disagreement with, 170–72, 177–84, 205–8
Clerc’s disapproval of, 164, 210–11
Flournoy’s argument for, 165–70, 172–76, 184–87, 194–205
Turner’s reaction to, 163, 211
Worcester convention and, 210–11
Deaf Mute, The, xxi
Deaf-Mutes’ Friend, The, ix
deafness
after learning speech, 63
as divine mystery, 17, 106, 134
partial, 62
social construction of, 41n
deaf people
African American, viii–ix, 126, 126n–27n, 205, 205n
deaf American creation story and, xiii–xvi
despising of, 191, 196, 196n, 211
double-consciousness of, xxii, xxviii
education and, xvi–xxii (see also education)
1830 census and, 44
happiness of, xix, xxvii, 181–82, 182n
isolation of, 17n, 171, 188, 191
potential of, xii, xxvii, 92, 101n, 164
sign language and, xix–xx, xxiii–xxiv (see also sign language)
writing and, xii–xv, xxi–xxix, 12, 12n, 56–60, 104, 104n, 131
Delaroche, Paul, 90
Dictionary of American Sign Language (Stokoe), 132n
double-consciousness, xxii, xxviii
double-voiced words, xxviii
Du Bois, W. E. B., xxii
education, xvi–xxi, 124, 130–33, 179
Clerc on, 10, 10n, 14–15, 23–24, 215–18
condescension and, 170–71, 171n
deaf American creation story and, xiii–xvi
National Deaf-Mute College and, 100–106, 212–24
oral, xvi, 24, 61, 94n, 108, 147n (see also oralism)
sign language and, xvi, 21, 49–50, 94–100, 131–32, 147, 147n (see also sign language)
writing and, xxii–xxix, 57 (see also literacy)
emigration, 112–17, 162. See also deaf commonwealth debate
“Emma” (Burnet), xxvii, 40, 86–88
Empire State Association of Deaf-Mutes, xi
English, xiii, xxi–xxiv, xxvii–xxviii, 164
Clerc learning, xv, 5–9, 21, 28
educational method and, 14–15, 56–60, 91, 95–100
foreignness of, to deaf people, 14, 14n, 57, 57n, 104, 104n, 132, 132n
hearing people’s superiority in, 95, 193
privileging over ASL, 98, 171n, 193
Epée, Charles-Michel de l’, 41n, 95, 204
Everett, Edward, 92
as deaf people’s ears, 48–49, 56, 63
Fairbairn, Elsie, 124
“Few Words about the Deaf and Dumb, A” (Searing), 130–34
fingerspelling, 91, 97, 97n, 100, 100n. See also manual alphabet
Florida School for the Deaf and Blind, xxix
Flournoy, John Jacobus, viii, xxviii
argument for deaf commonwealth, 162–64, 165–70, 172–76, 184–87, 194–205
Booth’s reactions to, 170–72, 177–84, 205–8
Clerc’s response to, 164, 210–11
slavery and, 182–83, 183n, 193n, 205, 205n
Turner’s reaction to, 163, 211
as visionary, 164
foreignness, of deaf experience to hearing people, 169–70, 170n
foreignness, of English to deaf people, xxii–xxiii
Fowler, Sophia. See Gallaudet, Sophia Fowler
French Sign Language, xvii
Gallaudet, Edward Miner, 153n, 213, 223
National Deaf-Mute College and, 213–14, 215, 218
Gallaudet, Sophia Fowler, 213–14
Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins, xxvii–xxviii, 1, 2–3, 38, 133n, 213
as Booth’s teacher, 108
Carlin’s homages to, 156–60, 223, 223n
Clerc on, 5–6, 7–8, 9, 24–26, 28, 31, 155–56
in deaf American creation story, xiii–xvi
death of, 153
dedication of monument in memory of, 153–60
1850 tribute to, 139–42, 144–47
naming deaf commonwealth after, 198
National Deaf-Mute College renamed after, 215
on sign language, xix
Gallaudet, Thomas (son), 142, 211, 223, 223n
Gallaudet Home for Aged and Infirm Deaf, 92
Gallaudet monument, dedication of, xii, 153–60
Gallaudet University, 100n, 215. See also National Deaf-Mute College
George, Adele M. See Jewel, Adele M.
Georgia School for the Deaf, 162
Glyndon, Howard. See Searing, Laura Redden
Spofford on, 143, 144, 144n–45n
government, 181, 189, 190, 194
Flournoy on, 165–66, 168, 174, 185, 204
grand reunion of 1850, xii, 139–52
grateful rhetoric of, 150n, 167n
tribute to Gallaudet and Clerc at, 139–41, 145–48
Grant, Ulysses S., 129, 219, 219n
Greeley, Horace, 90
Groce, Nora Ellen, xxx
Harmony Society, 172n
Harper’s, 130
Harvard, John, 218
heathenism, xxv, 34, 37, 37n, 41n, 158, 158n, 171n, 222
Howe, Samuel Gridley, 96n
Humphries, Tom, xxxii
Icarian movement, 172n
iconic symbols, 53
Idylls of Battle (Searing), 130
Illinois School for the Deaf, 109
imitation, 50
Indiana Asylum, 127
intelligence, xix–xxi, 12, 98, 188
Iowa State School for the Deaf, 109
Irving, Washington, 40, 100, 101n
Jauffret, Jean-Baptiste, 2
Jesus Christ, 10, 17, 37n, 143, 160, 168n
Jewel, Adele M., viii, ix, xii
Brief Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Adele M. Jewel (Being Deaf and Dumb), A, 118–28
religion and, xxiv–xxv, 121, 123, 125, 128
on school for deaf and blind African Americans, 118, 126–27, 126n–27n
sign language and, 118, 119, 120, 124
writing and, 119, 122, 124, 125
Johnson, Alphonso, xi, xviii, xxvii
Kansas–Nebraska Act, 194n
Keller, Helen, 64n
Kentucky school for the deaf, xvii
Kitto, John, 104, 104n–105n, 133, 220
Lamarckian Hypothesis, 221, 221n
Lamartine, Alphonse-Marie-Louis de Prat de, 104, 104n
Lang, Harry G., 33n
Legend of the Rocks and Other Poems, The (Nack), 33
Lincoln, Abraham, 129–30, 212, 214
lipreading. See speechreading
literacy, xx–xxi, xxii–xxiii, xxxi, 96n
in deaf American creation story, xiii–xv
in deaf commonwealth debate, 171, 171n, 174, 178–79, 188–89, 200
See also writing
Loring, George H., 145
Lucas, Ceil, xxx
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 104, 104n
Machwitz, Alexander de, 27
Manhattan Literary Association of the Deaf, 92
Mann, Edwin, xviii
manual alphabet, 58–59, 95, 97, 154
Massieu, Jean, xiv–xv, 133, 133n, 224
Meath-Lang, Bonnie, 33n
mind, development of, 46, 100, 158, 222–23
“Minstrel Boy, The” (Nack), 34–37, 91
Missouri Compromise, 157n
Missouri School for the Deaf, 129
Monroe, Charlotte, 120
Monroe, James, xx, 4, 30–31, 30n, 52
mothers, 47–48, 49–50, 50n, 56. See also parents
Mott, Lucretia Coffin, 101, 101n
“Mute’s Lament, The” (Carlin), xxv–xxvi, 90, 92–94
mutism, xxvi
mythologization, xvi, xxv, 10n, 143n, 158n
Nack, James, vii, xii, 104, 220
name signs, 53, 77, 77n, 98, 98n
Naryshkina, Marie Antonova, 27n
National Association of the Deaf, 110
National Deaf-Mute College, xi–xii, 40, 109–10, 130
Carlin and, 92, 100–106, 213, 214–24
E. M. Gallaudet and, 213–14, 215, 218
See also Gallaudet University
National Institute for the Deaf (Paris), xiv, 24n, 41n, 53, 62
neglect of deaf children, xxvi, 46, 48
New England Gallaudet Association of Deaf-Mutes, 155
deaf commonwealth proposal and, 164, 209–11
Newsam, Albert, 154
New York Institution, xvii, xx, 39, 40, 90, 102, 122
New York Times, 130
North American (magazine), 39
Notable Men in the House of Representatives (Searing), 129
Ohio Institution, xxii
Oliver Twist (Dickens), 224, 224n
“On Emigration to the West by Deaf
“On the Early Domestic Education of Children Born Deaf” (Burnet), 44–64
oppression
deaf African Americans and, viii–ix
deaf women and, ix
deaf American creation story and, xvi
as inferior method, 94, 94n, 147n
See also articulation; speechreading
“Orphan Mute, The” (Burnet), 64–86
Osborn, Phebe. See Burnet, Phebe Osborn
Padden, Carol, xxxii
pantomime, xxii, 30n, 97–98, 132, 153, 176
Paradise Lost, 90
parent-child rhetoric
deaf commonwealth debate and, 174–75, 179–80, 193, 199–200, 202
early education of deaf children and, 47–50
partial deafness, 62
paternalism. See parent-child rhetoric
patriotism, appeals to, 10, 10n, 37, 134–35
See also Civil War
Paulmier, M., 53
Peet, Isaac L., 102
Pelissier, Pierre, 104, 105n, 220
Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf, xvii, 4, 90
People’s Friend, The (newspaper), 39
Pilgrim’s Progress, 90
poetry
by Burnet, xxvii, 38, 40, 86–88
Porter, Samuel, 184, 184n, 188, 191
potential of deaf people, xii, xxvii, 92, 101n, 164
Presbyterian, The (newspaper), 129
public exhibitions, xiv–xv, xxi–xxii, xxv
public perception
of American Sign Language, 132n–33n
of deaf people, xii, xviii–xxii, 15n
Redden, Laura Catherine. See Searing, Laura Redden
religion, xxviii, xxxii, 18n, 76n, 145
Carlin and, 98–99, 160, 222, 223n
Clerc and, 149
Searing and, 134
Rochester Method, 100n
Roebling, John, 126n
Rose, Mary, xx
St. Ann’s Episcopal Church for the Deaf, 91, 223n
St. Louis Republican (newspaper), 129
Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, xxiv, xxxi
schools
Burnet on, 45, 61, 72–79, 86–88
deaf American creation story and, xiii–xvi
pupil’s arrival at, 73, 76n, 96–97, 99, 108, 124, 130, 222
See also education; National Deaf-Mute College; individual schools
Scratchsides Family, The (Carlin), 92
Searing, Edward W., 130
Searing, Laura Redden, viii, xii, 91
“Belle Missouri,” 129–30, 134–35
“Few Words about the Deaf and Dumb, A” 130–34
on foreignness of English to deaf people, xxiii, 132
on sign language, 131–32, 132n
Seixas, David, 90
Seward, William, 90
Sicard, Roch Ambroise, xiv–xv, xxv, xxviii, 24n, 53, 95
Clerc and, 2, 10, 24, 26–27, 144
sign language
called “best method,” 147, 147n
Carlin’s reservations about, 91, 94–100
descriptions of, 51–56, 68–69, 69n, 77, 77n
development of, 53n
difficulty of learning, 51, 132
as means to teach religion, 14, 88n, 223n
as natural language of deaf people, 21, 131–32
See also American Sign Language; manual alphabet
Sign Language Structure (Stokoe), 132n
Sigourney, Lydia (Huntley), 29, 29n, 88n
Skinner, Dr., 126
Skinner, P. F., 214
slavery
Missouri Compromise and, 157n
social construction of deafness, 41n
speechreading, 39, 60–62, 91, 130
Spofford, Fisher Ames, xvi, 140, 142–45
Stokoe, William, 132n
Stone, Collins, xxii
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 133
superstition, 15n
Tales of the Deaf and Dumb (Burnet), 38–40
Texas School for the Deaf, xxix
Tonna, Charlotte Elizabeth, 133, 133n
Turner, Job, 152
Valli, Clayton, xxx
Van Cleve, John Vickrey, xxix
Virginia School for the Deaf and Blind (Staunton), xxix
Walworth, Mary Ann. See Booth, Mary Ann Walworth
Wayland, Mary. See Carlin, Mary Wayland
Webster, Daniel, 100, 101n, 157, 157n, 220
“What the Deaf and Dumb Are before Instruction” (Burnet), 40–44
Whorf, Benjamin Lee, xxiv, xxxi
Wilder, S. V. S., 27
Willard, William, 177
Woodward, James, xxx
women
right to vote and, ix, 175, 175n, 178
See also specific deaf women
writing
as bridge to hearing people, xx–xxi, 79, 79n
by deaf African Americans, viii–ix
in deaf American creation story, xiii–xv
difficulty of conveying deaf experience through, xxii–xxix, 131–32
emergence of deaf community and, xii–xiii
as link for deaf people, xxi
as proof of intelligence, xii, xiv, xv, xxi, 12, 12n, 33
Yale, Elihu, 218